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首页> 外文期刊>Pure and Applied Geophysics >Anisotropy in Fracking: A Percolation Model for Observed Microseismicity
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Anisotropy in Fracking: A Percolation Model for Observed Microseismicity

机译：压裂中的各向异性：观察到的微震渗流模型

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摘要

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), using high pressures and a low viscosity fluid, allow the extraction of large quantiles of oil and gas from very low permeability shale formations. The initial production of oil and gas at depth leads to high pressures and an extensive distribution of natural fractures which reduce the pressures. With time these fractures heal, sealing the remaining oil and gas in place. High volume fracking opens the healed fractures allowing the oil and gas to flow to horizontal production wells. We model the injection process using invasion percolation. We use a 2D square lattice of bonds to model the sealed natural fractures. The bonds are assigned random strengths and the fluid, injected at a point, opens the weakest bond adjacent to the growing cluster of opened bonds. Our model exhibits burst dynamics in which the clusters extend rapidly into regions with weak bonds. We associate these bursts with the microseismic activity generated by fracking injections. A principal object of this paper is to study the role of anisotropic stress distributions. Bonds in the y-direction are assigned higher random strengths than bonds in the x-direction. We illustrate the spatial distribution of clusters and the spatial distribution of bursts (small earthquakes) for several degrees of anisotropy. The results are compared with observed distributions of microseismicity in a fracking injection. Both our bursts and the observed microseismicity satisfy Gutenberg-Richter frequency-size statistics.
机译：使用高压和低粘度流体的水力压裂（压裂）可以从渗透率极低的页岩地层中提取大量的油气。深度开采石油和天然气会导致高压和自然裂缝的广泛分布，从而降低压力。随着时间的流逝，这些裂缝会愈合，将剩余的油气密封到位。高体积的压裂打开了已愈合的裂缝，使油气流向水平生产井。我们使用入侵渗滤对注入过程进行建模。我们使用键的2D方格来模拟密封的自然裂缝。为这些键分配了随机强度，并且在某一点注入的流体在与不断增长的打开键簇相邻的位置打开了最弱的键。我们的模型展示了突发动力学，其中簇迅速扩展到具有弱键的区域。我们将这些爆发与通过压裂注射产生的微地震活动联系起来。本文的主要目的是研究各向异性应力分布的作用。在y方向上的键比在x方向上的键具有更高的随机强度。我们说明了几个各向异性度的星团的空间分布和爆发（小地震）的空间分布。将结果与在压裂注射中观察到的微震分布进行比较。我们的爆发和观察到的微地震都满足古腾堡-里希特频率大小的统计。

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