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Observations of the wasp-2 system by the apostle program

机译：使徒计划对wasp-2系统的观察

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We present transit observations of the WASP-2 exoplanet system by the Apache Point Survey of Transit Lightcurves of Exoplanets (APOSTLE) program. Model fitting to these data allows us to improve measurements of the hot-Jupiter exoplanet WASP-2b and its orbital parameters by a factor of ~2 over prior studies; we do not find evidence for transit depth variations. We do find reduced χ~2 values greater than 1.0 in the observed minus computed transit times. A sinusoidal fit to the residuals yields a timing semi-amplitude of 32 s and a period of 389 days. However, random rearrangements of the data provide similar quality fits, and we cannot with certainty ascribe the timing variations to mutual exoplanet interactions. This inconclusive result is consistent with the lack of incontrovertible transit timing variations (TTVs) observed in other hot-Jupiter systems. This outcome emphasizes that unique recognition of TTVs requires dense sampling of the libration cycle (e.g., continuous observations from space-based platforms). However, even in systems observed with the Kepler spacecraft, there is a noted lack of transiting companions and TTVs in hot-Jupiter systems. This result is more meaningful, and indicates that hot-Jupiter systems, while they are easily observable from the ground, do not appear to be currently configured in a manner favorable to the detection of TTVs. The future of ground-based TTV studies may reside in resolving secular trends, and/or implementation at extreme quality observing sites to minimize atmospheric red noise.
机译：我们通过对系外行星过境光曲线的Apache点测量（APOSTLE）程序，对WASP-2系外行星系统进行过境观测。对这些数据的模型拟合使我们能够将热木星系外行星WASP-2b及其轨道参数的测量结果比以前的研究提高约2倍。我们没有找到过境深度变化的证据。我们确实发现，在观察到的减去计算的传递时间中，减小的χ〜2值大于1.0。对残差的正弦拟合会产生32 s的定时半振幅和389天的时间。然而，数据的随机重排提供了相似的质量拟合，并且我们不能确定地将时间变化归因于系外行星的相互作用。这一不确定的结果与在其他热木星系统中没有观测到的不可转换的运输时间变化（TTV）一致。这一结果强调，对TTV的独特识别需要对释放周期进行密集采样（例如，从天基平台进行连续观察）。但是，即使在用开普勒飞船观察到的系统中，也注意到在热木星系统中缺少过境伴星和TTV。该结果更有意义，并且表明热木星系统虽然很容易从地面观察到，但目前似乎并未以有利于检测TTV的方式进行配置。地面TTV研究的未来可能在于解决长期趋势，和/或在极端质量的观测点实施以最大程度地减少大气红色噪声。

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