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Description and justification of a consistent technique for euthanasia of bovines using firearm and penetrating captive bolt

机译：描述和证明使用枪支和穿透式固定螺栓对牛实施安乐死的一致技术

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摘要

Firearms and penetrating captive-bolt devices are commonly used to euthanize cattle of all ages, and result in rapid unconsciousness and death due to lethal brain damage when properly conducted. Several reports have described methods to determine theappropriate point of entry when using firearms or penetrating captive bolts for bovine euthanasia. However, some previously described techniques to determine the point of entry may be difficult to remember, necessitate multiple steps to ascertain the point of entry, require adjustment based on breed type, and/or may be challenging in polled cattle if the suggested protocol uses horn anatomy as part of the guidance. A simple, reliable description for an appropriate point of entry and trajectory course for a firearm or captive bolt is to direct the trajectory perpendicular or slightly downward to the frontal sinus plane on midline between the base of the ears at the level of the external acoustic meatus. The orientation of the brainstem and ear is not altered by variables considered in some other protocols. The objective of this report is to describe and justify an uncomplicated, repeatable protocol to consistently determine an appropriate point of entry and line of trajectory for firearm or penetratingcaptive-bolt euthanasia of domestic bovines across a variety of breeds, ages, skull types, and polled or horned cattle, thus increasing the likelihood that the procedure will be conducted quickly and humanely with minimal stress to the handler and the animal.
机译：枪支和穿透性闩锁装置通常用于安抚各个年龄段的牛，并由于操作不当而导致致命的脑部损伤，导致迅速的昏迷和死亡。一些报告描述了在使用枪支或穿透固定螺栓进行牛安乐死时确定适当入口的方法。但是，某些先前描述的确定进入点的技术可能很难记住，需要采取多个步骤来确定进入点，需要根据品种类型进行调整，和/或如果建议的方案使用牛角，则可能会对轮询的牛造成挑战解剖作为指导的一部分。对于枪支或系留螺栓的适当进入点和轨迹路线的简单，可靠的描述是，将轨迹垂直或略微向下指向外耳道水平处耳根之间中线的额窦平面。 。脑干和耳朵的方向不会因其他协议中考虑的变量而改变。本报告的目的是描述和证明简单，可重复的协议，以一致地确定各种品种，年龄，头骨类型和受调查的家牛的枪支或穿透性安乐死的适当进入点和轨迹线或有角的牛，因此增加了快速，人道地进行操作的可能性，而对操作人员和动物的压力却很小。

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