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首页> 外文期刊>The condor >Nest Survival of Western Bluebirds Usin g Tree Cavities in Mana ged Ponderosa Pine Forests of Central Was hin gton
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Nest Survival of Western Bluebirds Usin g Tree Cavities in Mana ged Ponderosa Pine Forests of Central Was hin gton

机译：在中部的马纳德·庞德罗萨松树林中，树木洞对西部蓝鸟的巢生存

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摘要

We examined the association of temporal and spatial factors with nest survival of Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) nesting in tree cavities in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests along the east slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington. All study areas were managed for timber production through planned harvests or postfire salvage logging. Bluebirds laid a mean clutch of 5.3 ± 0.1 (SE) eggs (n = 131), and successful nests fledged an average of 4.5 ± 0.2 young (n = 85). Using a model-selection framework, we found that nest survival was a function of clutch size and treatment and that there was a quadratic effect of nest age. Daily survival rates decreased after the onset of incubation, then increased through the nestling period, and were higher for clutches with ≥5 eggs and in stands that were burned and salvaged. Survivorship over the entire period for clutches (n = 131 nests) with ≤4, 5, and ≥6 eggs was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.65), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.80), and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.85), respectively. Vegetation variables associated with nest sites did not significantly affect nest survival. Predation accounted for the most nest failures (34% of nests). We suggest that parental defense of nests accounts for the quadratic effect of nest age, with adult bluebirds defending nests more aggressively as nestlings approach fledging, and that bluebirds laying larger clutches are older, more experienced birds, resulting in greater nest survival.
机译：我们研究了时空因素与西蓝鸟（Sialia mexicana）筑巢在华盛顿喀斯喀特山脉东坡的黄松（Pinus tankerosa）森林的树洞中的巢生存的关系。通过计划采伐或火灾后的打捞伐木，对所有研究区的木材生产进行了管理。蓝鸟平均产卵5.3±0.1（SE）卵（n = 131），成功的巢穴平均孵化了4.5±0.2年轻的卵（n = 85）。使用模型选择框架，我们发现巢的存活率是离合器大小和处理的函数，并且巢龄存在二次效应。孵化开始后，每日存活率下降，然后在雏鸟时期增加，对于≥5个卵的离合器和被焚烧和打捞的林分，其每日存活率更高。卵≤4、5和≥6的离合器（n = 131个巢）在整个时期的存活率分别为0.39（95％CI：0.11、0.65），0.61（95％CI：0.34、0.80）和0.71（95） ％CI：0.46，0.85）。与巢位有关的植被变量并未显着影响巢的存活。掠食是造成巢失败最多的原因（占巢的34％）。我们建议，父母对巢的防御是巢龄的二次效应，成年蓝鸟在雏鸟接近雏鸟时会更加积极地保护巢，而蓝鸟栖息较大的鸟笼则是年龄较大，经验更丰富的鸟，从而可以提高巢的存活率。

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