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首页> 外文期刊>The American psychologist >Opportunistic Biases Their Origins, Effects, and an Integrated Solution
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Opportunistic Biases Their Origins, Effects, and an Integrated Solution

机译：机会主义偏见的起源，影响和综合解决方案

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摘要

Researchers commonly explore their data in multiple ways before deciding which analyses they will include in the final versions of their papers. While this improves the chances of researchers finding publishable results, it introduces an "opportunistic bias," such that the reported relations are stronger or otherwise more supportive of the researcher's theories than they would be without the exploratory process. The magnitudes of opportunistic biases can often be stronger than those of the effects being investigated, leading to invalid conclusions and a lack of clarity in research results. Authors typically do not report their exploratory procedures, so opportunistic biases are very difficult to detect just by reading the final version of a research report. In this article, we explain how a number of accepted research practices can lead to opportunistic biases, discuss the prevalence of these practices in psychology, consider the different effects that opportunistic biases have on psychological science, evaluate the strategies that methodologists have proposed to prevent or correct for the effects of these biases, and introduce an integrated solution to reduce the prevalence and influence of opportunistic biases. The recent prominence of articles discussing questionable research practices both in scientific journals and in the public media underscores the importance of understanding how opportunistic biases are created and how we might undo their effects.
机译：研究人员通常会先以多种方式探索数据，然后再决定将哪些分析纳入论文的最终版本。虽然这增加了研究人员发现可发表结果的机会，但它引入了“机会主义偏见”，因此，与没有探索性过程的情况相比，所报告的关系更强或更支持研究者的理论。机会主义偏见的幅度通常会比所研究的结果更强，从而导致无效的结论和研究结果缺乏明确性。作者通常不报告其探索性程序，因此仅通过阅读研究报告的最终版本就很难发现机会主义偏见。在本文中，我们解释了许多公认的研究实践如何导致机会主义偏见，讨论了这些实践在心理学中的普遍性，考虑了机会主义偏见对心理学的不同影响，评估了方法论者提出的预防或预防策略。纠正这些偏见的影响，并引入综合解决方案以减少机会偏见的发生率和影响。最近在科学期刊和公共媒体上讨论可疑研究实践的文章的重要性突显了理解如何产生机会主义偏见以及我们如何消除其影响的重要性。

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