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首页> 外文期刊>The European Journal of Neuroscience >Anatomically speaking... (Commentary on Kelly et al.).
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Anatomically speaking... (Commentary on Kelly et al.).

机译：从解剖学角度来说...（Kelly等人评论）。

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摘要

Learning anatomy is similar to learning a language. Pity the poor student who attempts to commit to memoiy the names and locations of different anatomical structures over the course of a day, a week, a year. Just as language fluency requires knowledge of how to connect words together in a meaningful way, fluency in neuroanatomy requires a comprehensive understanding of the connections between different regions and an interest in connecting structure to function. Nearly 150 years ago, Paul Broca linked brain structure to function in his description of what is commonly known as Broca's aphasia (Broca, 1861). His description of functional deficits that follow damage to the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were soon followed by Carl Wernicke's description of language deficits following damage to left posterior temporal cortex (Wernicke, 1874), and the development by Brodmann of the most famous and most commonly known cytoarchitectonic map (Brodmann, 1909). Brodmann's map attempted to provide a link between our understanding of the brain at the microscopic and macroscopic scales, and today we associate Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 with the term 'Broca's area'. But what about the anatomical connections? In the human, it is fairly straightforward for neuroanatomists to study cytoarchitectonic divisions in post-mortem brain; however, attempts to use anterograde and retrograde tracers in post-mortem human tissue have not been very successful. For this reason, the gold standard for studying anatomical connections remains experimental tracing studies in animals, especially in the nonhuman primate. Advances in neuroimaging have provided us with new methods for studying neuroanatomical structure and function, including diffusion tensor imaging methods for examining white matter fiber tacts and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods for examining function. The development of methods for examining functional connectivity using resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) and task-dependent functional connectivity methods extend our ability to map anatomical and functional connectivity in the human.
机译：学习解剖类似于学习语言。可怜的那个可怜的学生试图在一天，一周，一年的时间里记住不同解剖结构的名称和位置。正如语言的流利性要求知识如何以有意义的方式将单词连接在一起一样，神经解剖学的流利度也需要全面理解不同区域之间的连接以及对连接结构与功能的兴趣。大约150年前，保罗·布罗卡（Paul Broca）在描述布罗卡失语症（Broca，1861）时将大脑结构与功能联系起来。他对左腹外侧前额叶皮层受损后的功能障碍的描述很快被卡尔·韦尼克（Carl Wernicke）对左后颞叶皮层损伤后的语言缺陷的描述（Wernicke，1874）以及布罗德曼发展的最著名和最广为人知细胞结构图（Brodmann，1909）。布罗德曼的地图试图在微观和宏观尺度上提供我们对大脑的理解之间的联系，今天，我们将布罗德曼的44和45区与“布罗卡区”相关联。但是，解剖学上的联系又如何呢？在人体中，神经解剖学家研究死后大脑中的细胞构造分裂是相当简单的。然而，在验尸后的人体组织中使用顺行和逆行示踪剂的尝试并不是很成功。因此，用于研究解剖学联系的金标准仍然是动物，特别是非人类灵长类动物的实验追踪研究。神经影像学的进步为我们提供了研究神经解剖结构和功能的新方法，包括用于检查白质纤维触觉的扩散张量成像方法和用于检查功能的功能磁共振成像方法。使用静止状态功能连接（RSFC）和任务相关的功能连接方法来检查功能连接的方法的发展，扩展了我们绘制人体解剖和功能连接的能力。

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