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首页> 外文期刊>The European Journal of Neuroscience >Estradiol regulates responsiveness of the dorsal premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus and affects fear- and anxiety-like behaviors in female rats
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Estradiol regulates responsiveness of the dorsal premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus and affects fear- and anxiety-like behaviors in female rats

机译：雌二醇调节雌性大鼠下丘脑背侧前乳核的反应性并影响恐惧和焦虑样行为

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Research suggests a causal link between estrogens and mood. Here, we began by examining the effects of estradiol (E2) on rat innate and conditioned defensive behaviors in response to cat odor. Second, we utilized whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiological techniques to assess noradrenergic effects on neurons within the dorsal premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (PMd), a nucleus implicated in fear reactivity, and their regulation by E2. Our results show that E2 increased general arousal and modified innate defensive reactivity to cat odor. When ovariectomized females treated with E2 as opposed to oil were exposed to cat odor, they showed elevations in risk assessment and reductions in freezing, indicating a shift from passive to active coping. In addition, animals previously exposed to cat odor showed clear cue + context conditioning 24 h later. However, although E2 persisted in its effects on general arousal in the conditioning task, its effects on fear disappeared. In the patch clamp experiments noradrenergic compounds that typically induce fear clearly excited PMd neurons, producing depolarizations and action potentials. E2 treatment shifted some excitatory effects of noradrenergic agonists to inhibitory, possibly by differentially affecting α- and β-adrenoreceptors. In summary, our results implicate E2 in general arousal and fear reactivity, and suggest these may be governed by changes in noradrenergic responsivity in the PMd. These effects of E2 may have ethological relevance, serving to promote mate seeking even in contexts of ambiguous threat and shed light on the involvement of estrogen in mood and its associated disorders.
机译：研究表明，雌激素和情绪之间存在因果关系。在这里，我们开始研究雌二醇（E2）对大鼠先天和条件防御行为的反应，以应对猫的气味。其次，我们利用全细胞膜片钳电生理技术评估去甲肾上腺素对下丘脑背侧前乳核（PMd）中神经元的影响，该神经元牵涉恐惧反应性，并受E2调节。我们的结果表明，E2增强了整体唤醒能力，并改善了对猫味的先天防御反应性。当用E2（而不是油）处理的去卵巢雌性动物暴露于猫的气味时，它们显示出风险评估升高并且冻结减少，表明从被动应对转变为主动应对。此外，先前暴露于猫味的动物在24小时后表现出清晰的提示和环境条件。但是，尽管E2在调理任务中仍然对总体唤醒产生影响，但对恐惧的影响消失了。在膜片钳实验中，通常会引起恐惧的去甲肾上腺素能化合物清楚地激发了PMd神经元，产生去极化和动作电位。 E2治疗可能将甲肾上腺素能激动剂的某些兴奋作用转移为抑制作用，可能是通过不同程度地影响α-和β-肾上腺素受体。总而言之，我们的研究结果表明E2具有一般的唤醒和恐惧反应性，并暗示这些可能是由PMd中的降铁反应性的变化所决定的。 E2的这些作用可能具有伦理学意义，即使在模棱两可的威胁的情况下也有助于促进伴侣寻找，并阐明雌激素与情绪及其相关疾病的关系。

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