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首页> 外文期刊>The international journal of developmental biology >A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology
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A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology

机译：脊椎动物胚胎学中正常板，表和阶段的历史

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Developmental biology is today unimaginable without the normal stages that define standard divisions of development. This history of normal stages, and the related normal plates and normal tables, shows how these standards have shaped and been shaped by disciplinary change in vertebrate embryology. The article highlights the Normal Plates of the Development of the Vertebrates edited by the German anatomist Franz Keibel (16 volumes, 1897-1938). These were a major response to problems in the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny that amounted in practical terms to a crisis in staging embryos, not just between, but (for some) also within species. Keibel's design adapted a plate by Wilhelm His and tables by Albert Oppel in order to go beyond the already controversial comparative plates of the Darwinist propagandist Ernst Haeckel. The project responded to local pressures, including intense concern with individual variation, but recruited internationally and mapped an embryological empire. Though theoretically inconclusive, the plates became standard laboratory tools and forged a network within which the Institut International d'Embryologie (today the International Society of Developmental Biologists) was founded in 1911. After World War I, experimentalists, led by Ross Harrison and Viktor Hamburger, and human embryologists, especially George Streeter at the Carnegie Department of Embryology, transformed Keibel's complex, bulky tomes to suit their own contrasting demands. In developmental biology after World War II, normal stages-reduced to a few journal pages-helped domesticate model organisms. Staging systems had emerged from discussions that questioned the very possibility of assigning an embryo to a stage. The historical issues resonate today as developmental biologists work to improve and extend stage series, to make results from different laboratories easier to compare and to take individual variation into account.
机译：没有正常的阶段来定义发育的标准分区，今天的发育生物学是无法想象的。正常阶段的历史以及相关的正常板块和正常表显示了这些标准如何通过脊椎动物胚胎学的学科变化而形成和形成。本文重点介绍了由德国解剖学家弗朗兹·凯贝尔（Franz Keibel）编辑的《脊椎动物发育的正板》（第16卷，1897-1938年）。这些是对个体发育和系统发育之间关系问题的主要回应，实际上这些问题相当于分期胚胎的危机，不仅在物种之间，而且（对于某些物种）也在种内。 Keibel的设计改编了Wilhelm His的盘子和Albert Oppel的桌子，以超越达尔文宣传家恩斯特·海克尔（Ernst Haeckel）早已引起争议的比较盘子。该项目响应了当地的压力，包括对个体变异的强烈关注，但在国际范围内招募并绘制了一个胚胎帝国。尽管从理论上尚无定论，但这些板成为标准的实验室工具，并形成了一个网络，1911年在该网络中成立了国际d'Embryologie研究所（现为国际发展生物学家学会）。 ，人类胚胎学家，尤其是卡内基胚胎学系的乔治·史特勒（George Streeter），改变了Keibel复杂而笨拙的书集，以适应他们自己的对比需求。在第二次世界大战后的发育生物学中，正常阶段（减少到几页期刊）有助于驯化模型生物。分期系统是在对将胚胎分配到阶段的可能性提出质疑的讨论中出现的。随着发展生物学家努力改善和扩展阶段序列，使来自不同实验室的结果更易于比较并考虑个体差异，今天的历史问题引起了共鸣。

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