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首页> 外文期刊>Protoplasma: An International Journal of Cell Biology >Polar organizers and girdling bands of microtubules are associated with gamma-tubulin and act in establishment of meiotic quadripolarity in the hepatic Aneura pinguis (Bryophyta)
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Polar organizers and girdling bands of microtubules are associated with gamma-tubulin and act in establishment of meiotic quadripolarity in the hepatic Aneura pinguis (Bryophyta)

机译：极小组织者和微管束缚带与γ-微管蛋白有关，并在肝豚鼠（苔藓植物）的减数分裂四极建立中起作用。

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Meiosis in Aneura pinguis is preceded by extensive cytoplasmic preparation for quadripartitioning of the diploid sporocyte into a tetrad of haploid spores. In early prophase the four future spore domains are defined by lobing of the cytoplasm and development of a quadripolar prophase spindle focused at polar organizers (POs) centered in the lobes. Cells entering the reproductive phase become isolated and, instead of hooplike cortical inicrotubules, have endoplasmic microtubule systems centered on POs. These archesporial cells proliferate by mitosis before entering meiosis. In prophase of each mitosis. POs containing a distinct concentration of gamma-tubulin appear de novo at tips of nuclei and initiate the bipolar spindle. Cells entering meiosis become transformed into quadrilobed sporocytes with four POs. one in each lobe. This transition is a complex process encompassing assembly of two opposite POs which subsequently disperse into intersecting bands of microtubules that form around the central nucleus. The girdling bands define the future planes of cytokinesis and the cytoplasm protrudes through the restrictive bands becoming quadrilobed. Two large POs reappear in opposite cleavage furrows. Each divides and the resulting POs migrate into the tetrahedral lobes of cytoplasm. Cones of inicrotubules emanating from the four POs interact to forth a quadripolar microtubule system (QMS) that surrounds the nucleus in meiotic prophase. The QMS is subsequently transformed into a functionally bipolar metaphase spindle by migration of poles in pairs to opposite cleavage furrows. These findings contribute to knowledge of microtubule organization and the role of inicrotubules in spatial regulation of cytokinesis in plants.
机译：Aneura pinguis的减数分裂发生之前，需要进行广泛的胞质制备，以将二倍体孢子细胞四部分分配成四倍体单倍体孢子。在前期早期，四个未来的孢子域通过细胞质的裂片和集中在叶状体中的极性组织者（PO）的四极前期纺锤体的发育来定义。进入生殖期的细胞被分离，并且具有以POs为中心的内质微管系统，而不是箍状的皮质小管。这些原始细胞在进入减数分裂之前通过有丝分裂增殖。在每个有丝分裂的前期。含有不同浓度的γ-微管蛋白的PO从头出现在细胞核尖端，并引发双极纺锤体。进入减数分裂的细胞被转化为具有四个PO的四叶孢子细胞。每个瓣一个。这种转变是一个复杂的过程，包括两个相对的PO的组装，随后两个PO分散到围绕中心核形成的微管的相交带中。环带定义了将来的胞质分裂平面，细胞质通过限制性带突出成为四叶形。两个大的POs再次出现在相对的卵裂沟中。每个分裂，产生的PO迁移到细胞质的四面体叶中。从四个PO发出的细小管的圆锥与相互作用的四极微管系统（QMS）相互作用，该系统围绕减数分裂前期的细胞核。随后，通过成对的极向相反的沟沟迁移，将QMS转变为功能上的双相中期纺锤体。这些发现有助于了解微管的组织以及微管在植物胞质分裂的空间调节中的作用。

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