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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry >Effects of interfacial variables on ceramic adherence to cast and machined commercially pure titanium.
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Effects of interfacial variables on ceramic adherence to cast and machined commercially pure titanium.

机译：界面变量对陶瓷对铸造和机加工的商业纯钛附着力的影响。

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Titanium-ceramic bonding is less optimal than conventional metal-ceramic bonding, due to excessive oxidation of titanium during porcelain firing. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of porcelain firing atmosphere and gold sputter coating on titanium surfaces on porcelain bonding to machined and as-cast titanium substrates.Material and methods Eight groups of ASTM grade 2 commercially pure (CP) titanium specimens (13 mm x13 mm x1 mm) were prepared (n=10). A conventional Au-Pd-In metal-ceramic alloy (Orion) and an ultra low-fusing porcelain (Finesse) served as the control (n=10). Forty machined titanium specimens were prepared from 1.00-mm thick titanium sheets with a diamond band saw. Forty titanium specimens were produced in a centrifugal dental titanium casting machine. All titanium specimens were airborne particle abraded with 110-microm alumina particles, whereas the control specimens were airborne particle abraded with 50-microm alumina particles. Forty titanium specimens (20 specimens each of as-cast and machined titanium) were randomly selected for gold sputter coating before ceramic firing. An ultra low-fusing porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was fused on the central 6-mm diameter circular area on each titanium specimen. Porcelain firing environments for the titanium specimens consisted of vacuum and a reduced argon atmosphere. Porcelain was debonded by a biaxial flexure, constant strain test at a cross-head speed of 0.25 mm/min. Specimens were analyzed by standardized SEM/EDS analysis 3 times throughout the study to determine the silicon atomic percentage (Si at %): (1) after airborne particle abrasion, before porcelain application; (2) after the application of the first layer of porcelain; and (3) after the fracture of porcelain from the metal substrate. The titanium-ceramic adhesion was characterized by determining the area fraction of adherent porcelain (AFAP). Results were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the AFAP values among all the groups. AFAP value of the control group was significantly higher (135.35 +/- 23.68) than those of the experimental groups (P<.001). For the machined titanium, AFAP value of gold sputter-coated/argon group (91.38 +/- 7.93) was significantly higher than the rest of the groups (P<.001). For the as-cast titanium fired in vacuum, significantly lower AFAP values (P<.001) were found in the gold sputter-coated group (50.2 +/- 11.26 vs 66.15 +/- 10.41). AFAP values between the argon groups with or without the gold coating were not significantly different (P=.303); however, both argon groups (93.83 +/- 4.65 and 98.09 +/- 6.35) showed significantly higher AFAP values compared with the vacuum groups (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Firing porcelain in a reduced argon atmosphere significantly improved titanium-ceramic bonding for machined and as-cast titanium. The sputter-coated gold layer on titanium provided improved titanium-ceramic bonding only when combined with firing porcelain in reduced argon atmosphere. When porcelain was fired in vacuum in the presence of the gold layer, the titanium-ceramic bonding was weakened in as-cast titanium and was not affected in machined titanium. Conventional noble metal-ceramic bonding was superior to titanium-ceramic bonding regardless of the interfacial variables examined in this study.
机译：问题的陈述：由于陶瓷烧制过程中钛的过度氧化，钛-陶瓷键合不如传统的金属-陶瓷键合最佳。目的：这项体外研究评估了烧制气氛和钛表面上的金溅射镀层对与机械加工和铸态钛基材结合的瓷器的影响。材料和方法八组ASTM 2级商业纯（CP）钛标本（13 （mm×13mm×1mm）（n ＝ 10）。常规的Au-Pd-In金属陶瓷合金（Orion）和超低熔瓷（Finesse）作为对照（n = 10）。用金刚石带锯从1.00毫米厚的钛板上制备了40个机加工的钛样品。在离心式牙科钛铸造机中生产了四十个钛样品。所有钛标本都用110微米氧化铝颗粒进行了空气传播的磨蚀，而对照标本都用了50微米氧化铝颗粒进行了空气传播的磨蚀。在陶瓷烧成之前，随机选择40个钛试样（分别为20个铸态和机加工钛试样）进行金溅射镀膜。将超低熔瓷（Vita Titankeramik）熔合在每个钛标本的中心6毫米直径的圆形区域上。钛试样的瓷烧制环境包括真空和减少的氩气气氛。通过双轴挠曲，恒定应变测试以0.25 mm / min的十字头速度将瓷器脱胶。在整个研究过程中，通过标准的SEM / EDS分析对样品进行了3次分析，以确定硅原子百分比（Si at％）：（1）气载颗粒磨蚀后，瓷器涂覆之前; （2）涂上第一层瓷后; （3）瓷器从金属基底上破裂之后。通过确定粘附瓷的面积分数（AFAP）来表征钛-陶瓷粘附。通过方差分析和Student-Newman-Keuls检验（alpha = .05）分析结果。结果：统计分析表明，所有组之间的AFAP值均存在显着差异。对照组的AFAP值显着高于实验组（135.35 +/- 23.68）（P <.001）。对于机加工的钛，喷镀金/氩气组的AFAP值（91.38 +/- 7.93）显着高于其余组（P <.001）。对于在真空中烧制的铸钛，在金镀金组中发现AFAP值明显较低（P <.001）（50.2 +/- 11.26对66.15 +/- 10.41）。带有或不带有金涂层的氩气基团之间的AFAP值没有显着差异（P = .303）。然而，与真空组相比，两个氩气组（93.83 +/- 4.65和98.09 +/- 6.35）均显示出明显更高的AFAP值（P <.001）。结论：在减少的氩气气氛下烧制瓷器可显着改善机加工和铸态钛的钛-陶瓷结合。仅当在减少的氩气气氛中与烤瓷结合时，钛上的溅射镀金层才提供改进的钛-陶瓷结合。当在存在金层的情况下在真空中烧制瓷器时，铸态钛中的钛-陶瓷结合力减弱，而机加工钛中的钛-陶瓷结合力不受影响。无论本研究中检查的界面变量如何，常规的贵金属-陶瓷键合均优于钛-陶瓷键合。

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