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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Experimental Biology >Gluing the 'unwettable': soil-dwelling harvestmen use viscoelastic fluids for capturing springtails
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Gluing the 'unwettable': soil-dwelling harvestmen use viscoelastic fluids for capturing springtails

机译：胶合“无法润湿”：居住在土壤中的收割者使用粘弹性流体捕获跳尾

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摘要

Gluing can be a highly efficient mechanism of prey capture, as it should require less complex sensory-muscular feedback. Whereas it is well known in insects, this mechanism is much less studied in arachnids, except spiders. Soil-dwelling harvestmen (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae) bear drumstick-like glandular hairs (clavate setae) at their pedipalps, which were previously hypothesized to be sticky and used in prey capture. However, clear evidence for this was lacking to date. Using high-speed videography, we found that the harvestman Mitostoma chrysomelas was able to capture fast-moving springtails (Collembola) just by a slight touch of the pedipalp. Adhesion of single clavate setae increased proportionally with pull-off velocity, from 1 mu N at 1 mu m s(-1) up to 7 mu N at 1 mm s(-1), which corresponds to the typical weight of springtails. Stretched glue droplets exhibited characteristics of a viscoelastic fluid forming beads-on-a-string morphology over time, similar to spider capture threads and the sticky tentacles of carnivorous plants. These analogies indicate that viscoelasticity is a highly efficient mechanism for prey capture, as it holds stronger the faster the struggling prey moves. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy of snap-frozen harvestmen with glued springtails revealed that the gluey secretions have a high affinity to wet the microstructured cuticle of collembolans, which was previously reported to be barely wettable for both polar and non-polar liquids. Glue droplets can be contaminated with the detached scaly setae of collembolans, which may represent a counter-adaptation against entrapment by the glue, similar to the scaly surfaces of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) facilitating escape from spider webs
机译：粘合可能是捕获猎物的一种高效机制，因为它需要较少复杂的感觉-肌肉反馈。尽管它在昆虫中是众所周知的，但除蜘蛛外，这种机制在蜘蛛纲动物中的研究较少。居住在土壤中的收割者（Opiliones，Nemastomatidae）在它们的三足动物的脚上有鼓槌状的腺毛（棒状刚毛），以前被认为具有粘性，可用于捕获猎物。但是，迄今为止尚无明确的证据。使用高速摄影技术，我们发现收割员chrysomelas Mitostoma只需轻轻踩下pedipalp就能捕获快速移动的跳尾（Collembola）。单个棒状刚毛的粘着力与拔出速度成比例地增加，从1μms（-1）的1μN到1 mm s（-1）的7μN，对应于典型的跳尾重量。拉伸的胶滴表现出粘弹性流体的特性，随着时间的推移会形成串珠状的形态，类似于蜘蛛捕获线和食肉植物的粘性触手。这些类比表明，粘弹性是捕获猎物的一种高效机制，因为它在挣扎中的猎物移动得越快时越牢固。冷冻的收割者用粘着的尾巴的冷冻扫描电子显微镜显示，粘稠的分泌物具有高的亲和力，可润湿Collembolans的微结构角质层，以前报道过极性和非极性液体几乎都不能润湿。胶滴会被分离的鳞翅目科齿藻污染，这可能表示它对胶水的滞留具有反适应作用，类似于鳞翅目和毛鳞翅目（昆虫纲）的鳞状表面，有助于从蜘蛛网上逃脱

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