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首页> 外文期刊>The Royal Society Proceedings B: Biological Sciences >Invaders on the move: parasitism in the sexual galls of four alien gall wasps in Britain (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae)
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Invaders on the move: parasitism in the sexual galls of four alien gall wasps in Britain (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae)

机译：入侵者的迁徙：英国四只外星胆黄蜂的性胆中寄生（膜翅目：opter科）

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摘要

Four alien, host-alternating cynipid gall wasps are established in the British Isles: Andricus kollari, A. lignicola, A. quercuscalicis and A. corruptrix. Their current distributions divide Britain into four zones; all four invaders are present in the south and south-east of Britain, whereas only A. kollari is present in the far north of Scotland. The rank order, according to how far north the distributions of the four invading cynipid species reach, is: A. corruptrix --> A. quercuscalicis --> A. lignicola --> A. kollari. The life cycles of all four cynipid species involve a sexual generation in spring on Quercus cerris, and an agamic generation in autumn on a robur. Here we studied the parasitoid attack by four pteromalid species on the sexual generations of the invaders. We collected and reared the galls of all four species at eight sites from the south to the north of the country (two sites per zone). The geographical locations of the sites reflect the invasion history and thus the residence time of the alien species in the four zones. At each site we measured the densities of all host galls on Q: cerris and of both obligatory host-tree species. We also took a series of measures, such as host-tree density and mean host-tree size, to further characterize the tree stands. These measures are referred to as local parameters. Host densities varied between sites and between years. In A. kollari, galling rates were highest in the middle of the country (zone 2) in 1994, whereas in 1995 they increased from the south to the north. In A. lignicola, galling rates in both years were lowest at the sites in zone 3 (closest to its distribution boundary). In A. quercuscalicis, galling rates were found to be lowest at the site most to the north-west in both years, again the one furthest away from the area where this species was first recorded. Mortality caused by parasitoid attack differed from less than 10% to as high as 70% and varied between host species, sites and years. In four out of six cases the historical/regional variables (north/south and east/west) correlated significantly with parasitoid attack rates that were characteristically lowest at sites close to the distribution boundaries. Of the local factors, we found parasitoid attack rates correlated negatively in one case with host density, whereas they correlated positively in four cases with the density of alternative hosts of the parasitoids. In one of the models the local density of Q. cerris trees correlated negatively with parasitoid attack on A. quercuscalicis. For all three host species the terms retained in the minimal adequate models obtained for 1994 and 1995 differed, which might indicate that these communities of native parasitoids and invading host have not yet settled in any definite structure. [References: 33]
机译：在不列颠群岛上建立了四个外星人，交替宿主的赛普拉斯胆黄蜂：Andricus kollari，A。lignicola，A。quercuscalicis和A.rupturerix。他们目前的分布将英国分为四个区域。所有四个侵略者都存在于英国的南部和东南部，而苏格兰的最北端则仅存有kollari。根据四种入侵的cynipid物种的分布向北延伸的等级顺序为：腐烂曲霉->拟南芥-> lignicola-> kollari。这四种鲤科鱼类的生命周期都涉及春季在栎栎上的有性世代和秋季在长袍上的无性系。在这里，我们研究了四种蕨类物种对入侵者有性世代的类寄生虫袭击。我们从该国南部到北部的八个地点（每个区域两个地点）收集并饲养了这四个物种的the。这些地点的地理位置反映了入侵历史，因此反映了四个区域中外来物种的停留时间。在每个站点上，我们测量了Q：鸢尾和两个强制性寄主树种上所有寄主胆的密度。我们还采取了一系列措施，例如寄主树密度和平均寄主树大小，以进一步表征树木的林分。这些度量称为本地参数。主机密度在站点之间以及不同年份之间有所不同。在A. kollari，1994年该国中部（第2区）的擦伤率最高，而在1995年，从南到北增加。在A. lignicola，两年中3区（最靠近其分布边界）的地点的gall虫率最低。在两个年份中，在魁北克A. quercuscalicis的ing虫率最低，也是距首次记录该物种的地区最远的地方。寄生虫袭击造成的死亡率从不到10％到高达70％不等，并且在寄主物种，地点和年份之间有所不同。在六分之四的案例中，历史/区域变量（北/南和东/西）与类寄生虫的发病率显着相关，其在分布边界附近的地点通常最低。在局部因素中，我们发现一例寄生虫的发生率与宿主密度呈负相关，而四例寄生虫的发生率与其他寄生虫的密度呈正相关。在其中一种模型中，Q。cerris树的局部密度与拟南芥的拟寄生虫攻击呈负相关。对于这三种寄主物种，在1994年和1995年获得的最小适度模型中保留的术语有所不同，这可能表明这些原生寄生虫和入侵寄主群落尚未以任何确定的结构解决。 [参考：33]

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