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首页> 外文期刊>The Veterinary Journal >Are so many adrenergic receptor subtypes really present in domestic animal tissues? A pharmacological perspective
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Are so many adrenergic receptor subtypes really present in domestic animal tissues? A pharmacological perspective

机译：家畜组织中真的存在这么多的肾上腺素能受体亚型吗？药理学观点

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摘要

Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are the cellular membrane binding sites through which natural catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs exert their physiological and pharmacological effects. In recent decades, studies to clarify the distribution and function of ARs have been performed mostly on cultured cells, laboratory animals and human target tissues, but little is known about these aspects in domestic animals. This review focuses on AR structure, classification and signalling pathways and on AR subtype distribution in target tissues of some domestic animals, namely dogs, horses and bovines. In these species, different alpha- and beta-AR subtypes have been characterized and the functions controlled by the adrenergic systems have been studied. In the dog, the role played by the adrenergic system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders and in the modulation of canine aggression has roused particular interest. In dogs affected by dilated cardiomyopathy a significant down-regulation of beta-ARs has been observed both in the heart and circulating lymphocytes. This finding confirms the involvement of the adrenergic system in the pathogenesis and progression of the disorder and suggests new therapeutic strategies. In the horse, AR distribution has been studied in the cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems as well as in digital veins and arteries. The cardiac beta-ARs in healthy horses seem to be predominantly represented by the beta(1) subtype. In this species, heart failure may increase the expression of the beta(2) subtype, rather than causing AR down-regulation. Different beta- and alpha-AR subtypes have been characterized in the smooth muscle of equine ileum. The sympathetic relaxation of equine ileum smooth muscle seems to depend mainly on beta(3)-AR subtype activation, with minor involvement of the beta(2) subtype. In the respiratory tract, regional differences have been evidenced in the functionality of beta-AR subtype. The beta(2) subtype predominates in all segments but the beta(2) subtype-mediated adenyl cyclase response is tissue-dependent, with higher activity in tracheal membranes than bronchial or pulmonary ones. Both alpha- and beta-AR subtypes are present in the genital tract of cows. Bovine ovarian and myometrial cell membranes express higher concentrations of beta(2)-ARs than the beta(1) subtype, whereas as far as alpha-ARs are concerned, a single class of alpha(1)-ARs and two distinct classes of alpha(2)-AR binding sites have been discriminated. Interestingly, it has been observed that the activation of the sympathetic system could play an important role in the pathogenesis of bovine ovarian cysts as suggested by the modifications in beta-AR levels in the hypophysis and ovary of cows affected by ovarian cysts. In this species, the phenomenon of down-regulation has been well studied in different organs of veal calves treated with clenbuterol as a "partitioning agent". Since differences exist in AR distribution among species, data obtained in laboratory animals or in human beings cannot be extrapolated to domestic animals and further investigation on AR subtypes in domestic animal tissues is necessary.
机译：肾上腺素能受体（ARs）是细胞膜结合位点，天然儿茶酚胺和拟交感神经药物通过其发挥生理和药理作用。近几十年来，主要在培养的细胞，实验动物和人靶组织上进行了用于阐明AR的分布和功能的研究，但是对于家畜的这些方面知之甚少。这篇综述着重于AR结构，分类和信号传导途径以及某些家畜，即狗，马和牛的目标组织中AR亚型的分布。在这些物种中，已对不同的α-和β-AR亚型进行了表征，并研究了由肾上腺素系统控制的功能。在狗中，肾上腺素能系统在心血管疾病的发病机理和犬的攻击调节中所起的作用引起了特别的兴趣。在受扩张型心肌病影响的狗中，在心脏和循环淋巴细胞中均观察到β-ARs的显着下调。这一发现证实了肾上腺素系统参与疾病的发病机理和进展，并提出了新的治疗策略。在马中，已经在心脏，呼吸系统和胃肠道系统以及数字静脉和动脉中研究了AR分布。在健康马匹中，心脏β-AR似乎主要由beta（1）亚型代表。在这个物种中，心力衰竭可能会增加beta（2）亚型的表达，而不是引起AR下调。在马回肠的平滑肌中已鉴定出不同的β-和α-AR亚型。马回肠平滑肌的交感性放松似乎主要取决于beta（3）-AR亚型的激活，而β（2）亚型的参与则较小。在呼吸道中，β-AR亚型的功能存在区域差异。在所有节段中，β（2）亚型占主导地位，但β（2）亚型介导的腺苷酸环化酶反应是组织依赖性的，在气管膜中的活性高于支气管或肺部。牛的生殖道中都存在α-AR和β-AR两种亚型。牛卵巢和子宫肌层细胞膜比β（1）亚型表达更高的beta（2）-ARs浓度，而就alpha-ARs而言，一类alpha（1）-ARs和两类不同的alphas （2）-AR结合位点已被区分。有趣的是，已观察到交感系统的激活可在牛卵巢囊肿的发病机理中发挥重要作用，这是由于受卵巢囊肿影响的母牛的垂体和卵巢中β-AR水平的改变所暗示的。在该物种中，在用瘦肉精作为“分配剂”处理的小牛的不同器官中，对下调的现象进行了充分的研究。由于物种之间AR分布存在差异，因此无法将在实验动物或人类中获得的数据外推到家畜，因此有必要进一步研究家畜组织中AR的亚型。

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