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The effects of contextual threat and anxiety on affective startle modulation

机译：情境威胁和焦虑对情绪惊吓调制的影响

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摘要

The startle reflex is attenuated and potentiated when participants are viewing pleasant and unpleasant images, respectively. Research demonstrates that threatening contexts also potentiate startle, but it remains unclear how a threatening context might impact startle modulation to emotional images, especially as a function of trait anxiety. The present study measured startle reactivity while 43 participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images across conditions of threat-of-shock and safety (i.e., no shock). Compared to neutral images, startle was potentiated during unpleasant images and attenuated during pleasant images. Threat-of-shock potentiated startle during all picture types, suggesting that threat-of-shock broadly sensitized the defensive system but did not change affective modulation of startle. Lastly, higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with less startle potentiation during unpleasant images across both conditions-a finding in line with previous research demonstrating deficient threat mobilization in response to unpleasant stimuli among highly anxious individuals.
机译：当参与者分别观看令人愉悦和不愉快的图像时，惊吓反射会减弱和增强。研究表明，有威胁的情境也会增强惊吓，但尚不清楚有威胁的情境如何影响对情绪图像的惊吓调节，尤其是作为特质焦虑的函数。本研究测量了惊吓反应性，而43名参与者在受到电击威胁和安全（即无电击）的情况下观看了令人愉快，不愉快和中立的图像。与中性图像相比，在不愉快的图像中增强了惊吓，而在令人愉悦的图像中则减弱了惊吓。在所有图片类型中，电击威胁都会增强惊吓，这表明电击威胁广泛地增强了防御系统的敏感度，但并未改变对惊吓的情感调节。最后，在两种情况下，在不愉快的影像中，高水平的特质焦虑与较少的惊吓增强相关。这与以前的研究表明，对高度焦虑的个体不愉快的刺激反应缺乏有效的威胁动员能力有关。

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