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Comparing Energy Use and Environmental Performance of Land Transport Modes

机译：陆路交通方式的能源利用和环境绩效比较

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Environmental impacts related to policy measures such as transport investments are relevant for ex ante evaluations like cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and strategic environmental assessments (SEAs). However, the methodologies used in determining impacts are much less developed than those employed in estimating transport and economic impacts. The aim of the present paper is to show how rough methodologies used in current practice might lead to serious faults in estimating environmental impacts. This is followed by suggestions for improvements to these methodologies. The first suggestion is related to indicators. Since only a limited number of these are used presently, such as emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, including more indicators might prove to be helpful. Second, changes in emissions (e.g. due to regulations) are often considered for only a limited time horizon, so extending the time horizon for emission factors is therefore an important improvement. Third, sometimes emission factors from the literature or from another country/area are used, while the circumstances are not comparable; this might lead to serious faults. Using country- or region-specific data, however, will improve the quality of assessments. Fourth, one often ignores that the effects of a given emission volume depend on the distance between source and receptor. The effects due to traffic, such as particulate matter or nitrous dioxide emissions, might then have more health impacts than emissions from industrial or power plants, and be reason enough to include these aspects as well. Fifth, it is suggested that categories of goods are broken down to determine freight modes, since lorries currently transport goods with a lower specific gravity (kilograms/volume unit) than those transported by rail and barge. The sixth suggestion calls for inclusion of indirect energy use and emissions resulting from the construction of vehicle and infrastructure. While some recommendations can be implemented relatively easily in ex ante evaluations, others will need further research.
机译：与运输投资等政策措施相关的环境影响与事前评估（例如成本效益分析（CBA），环境影响评估（EIA）和战略环境评估（SEA））相关。但是，用于确定影响的方法要比用于估计运输和经济影响的方法少得多。本文的目的是说明当前实践中使用的粗略方法论如何可能导致严重的估计环境影响的错误。其次是改进这些方法的建议。第一个建议与指标有关。由于目前仅使用其中有限的几种，例如二氧化碳和一氧化二氮的排放，因此包括更多指标可能会有所帮助。其次，通常仅在有限的时间范围内考虑排放的变化（例如由于法规），因此延长排放因子的时间范围是重要的改进。第三，有时使用文献或其他国家/地区的排放因子，但情况不具可比性;这可能会导致严重的故障。但是，使用特定国家或地区的数据将提高评估的质量。第四，人们常常忽略了给定发射量的影响取决于源与受体之间的距离。那么，交通造成的影响（例如颗粒物或二氧化氮的排放）可能比工业或发电厂的排放对健康的影响更大，并且也有足够的理由将这些方面包括在内。第五，建议对货物类别进行细分以确定货运方式，因为卡车目前运输的比重（千克/体积单位）比铁路和驳船运输的比重低的货物。第六项建议要求将车辆和基础设施建设产生的间接能源使用和排放包括在内。尽管某些建议可以在事前评估中相对容易地实施，但其他建议则需要进一步研究。

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