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Affordability and Subsidies in Public Urban Transport: What Do We Mean, What Can Be Done?

机译：城市公共交通的可负担性和补贴：我们的意思是什么，可以做什么？

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Subsidy policies on public urban transport have been adopted ubiquitously. Both in developed and developing countries, subsidies are implemented under two major premises: (1) to increase public transport use and to reduce externalities, such as greenhouse gas emissions and congestion, and (2) to make transport more affordable, particularly for the poorest. This paper focuses on the latter. Despite the widespread implementation of subsidies, there are virtually no quantitative assessments of their distributional incidence, making it impossible to determine if these policy instruments are pro-poor. Using different tools to quantitatively evaluate the incidence and distributive impacts of subsidy policy options, this paper analyses the findings of a series of research papers that have studied urban public transport subsidy policies in developed and developing countries. Available evidence indicates that current public urban transport subsidy policies do not make the poorest better off. Supply side subsidies-provided to the operator-are, for the most part, neutral or regressive; while demand side subsidies-provided to the user-perform better, although many of them do not improve income distribution. Considering that the vast majority of developing countries justify public urban transport subsidies on social grounds, as a means to improve the mobility, and thus welfare, of the poorest, it is imperative to move away from supply side subsidies towards demand side subsidies and integrate transport social concerns into wider poverty alleviation efforts, which include the possibility of channeling subsidies through monetary transfer systems or through other welfare instruments (food subsidies, health services and education for the poor).
机译：普遍采用了城市公共交通补贴政策。在发达国家和发展中国家，补贴都是在两个主要前提下实施的：（1）增加公共交通的使用并减少外部性，例如温室气体的排放和交通拥堵;（2）使交通更加负担得起，特别是对最贫穷的人。本文重点讨论后者。尽管补贴得到了广泛实施，但实际上还没有对其分配发生率的定量评估，因此无法确定这些政策工具是否有利于穷人。本文使用不同的工具定量评估补贴政策选择的发生率和分配影响，分析了一系列研究论文的结果，这些论文研究了发达国家和发展中国家的城市公共交通补贴政策。现有证据表明，当前的公共城市交通补贴政策并未使最贫困的人过上更好的生活。向运营商提供的供应方补贴在大多数情况下是中性或递归的;尽管许多需求并不能改善收入分配，但需求方补贴可以更好地为用户提供服务。考虑到绝大多数发展中国家基于社会理由证明公共城市交通补贴是合理的，以此作为改善最贫困人口的流动性和福利的手段，因此必须从供应方补贴转向需求方补贴并整合运输社会关注，将其纳入更广泛的扶贫工作中，其中包括通过货币转移系统或其他福利手段（食品补贴，医疗服务和穷人教育）提供补贴的可能性。

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