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首页> 外文期刊>Trends in Microbiology >Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: manipulative strategies beyond evasion
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Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: manipulative strategies beyond evasion

机译：巨细胞病毒的免疫调节：逃避后的操纵策略

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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the major infectious cause of birth defects as well as an important opportunistic pathogen. Individuals infected with CMV mount a strong immune response that suppresses persistent viral replication and maintains life-long latency. Loss of immune control opens the way to virus reactivation and disease. The large number of immunomodulatory functions encoded by CMV increases the efficiency of infection, dissemination, reactivation and persistent infection in hosts with intact immune systems and could contribute to virulence in immunocompromised hosts. These functions modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response and appear to target cellular rather than humoral responses preferentially. CMV encodes a diverse arsenal of proteins focused on altering and/or mimicking: (1) classical and non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein function; (2) leukocyte migration, activation and cytokine responses; and (3) host cell susceptibilityto apoptosis. Evidence that the host evolves mechanisms to counteract virus immune modulation is also accumulating. Although immune evasion is certainly one clear goal of the virus, the pro-inflammatory impact of certain viral functions suggests that increased inflammation benefits viral dissemination. The ability of such viral functions to successfully 'face off' against the host immune system ensures the success of this pathogen in the human population and could provide key insights into disease mechanisms.
机译：人类巨细胞病毒（CMV）仍然是出生缺陷的主要传染原因，也是重要的机会病原体。被CMV感染的个体会产生强烈的免疫反应，从而抑制持续的病毒复制并维持终生潜伏期。失去免疫控制为病毒活化和疾病打开了道路。由CMV编码的大量免疫调节功能可提高具有完整免疫系统的宿主的感染，传播，再激活和持续感染的效率，并可能导致免疫受损宿主的致病性。这些功能调节免疫反应的先天性和适应性臂，并且似乎优先靶向细胞而非体液反应。 CMV编码着多种蛋白质库，着重于改变和/或模仿：（1）古典和非古典主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）蛋白质功能; （2）白细胞迁移，活化和细胞因子反应; （3）宿主细胞对凋亡的敏感性。宿主进化出抵抗病毒免疫调节机制的证据也在不断积累。尽管逃避免疫无疑是该病毒的一个明确目标，但某些病毒功能的促炎作用表明，炎症增加有利于病毒传播。这种病毒功能能够成功地“对抗”宿主免疫系统的能力确保了这种病原体在人群中的成功，并且可以提供对疾病机制的关键见解。

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