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The potential of bio-methane as bio-fuel/bio-energy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a qualitative assessment for Europe in a life cycle perspective

机译：生物甲烷作为减少温室气体排放的生物燃料/生物能源的潜力：从生命周期的角度对欧洲进行的定性评估

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摘要

Anaerobic digestion is a well known process that (while still capable of showing new features) has experienced several waves of technological development. It was "born" as a wastewater treatment system, in the 1970s showed promise as an alternative energy source (in particular from animal waste), in the 1980s and later it became a standard for treating organic-matter-rich industrial wastewater, and more recently returned to the market for its energy recovery potential, making use of different biomasses, including energy crops. With the growing concern around global warming, this paper looks at the potential of anaerobic digestion in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to GHG reduction has been computed for the 27 EU countries on the basis of their 2005 Kyoto declarations and using life cycle data. The theoretical potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to Kyoto and EU post- Kyoto targets has been calculated. Two different possible biogas applications have been considered: electricity production from manure waste, and upgraded methane production for light goods vehicles (from landfill biogas and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges). The useful heat that can be produced as by-product from biogas conversion into electricity has not been taken into consideration, as its real exploitation depends on local conditions. Moreover the amount of biogas already produced via dedicated anaerobic digestion processes has also not been included in the calculations. Therefore the overall gains achievable would be even higher than those reported here. This exercise shows that biogas may considerably contribute to GHG emission reductions in particular if used as a biofuel. Results also show that its use as a biofuel may allow for true negative GHG emissions, showing a net advantage with respect to other biofuels. Considering also energy crops that will become available in the next few years as a result of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, this study shows that biogas has the potential of covering almost 50% of the 2020 biofuel target of 10% of all automotive transport fuels, without implying a change in land use. Moreover, considering the achievable GHG reductions, a very large carbon emission trading "value" could support the investment needs. However, those results were obtained through a "qualitative" assessment. In order to produce robust data for decision makers, a quantitative sustainability assessment should be carried out, integrating different methodologies within a life cycle framework. The identification of the most appropriate policy for promoting the best set of options is then discussed.
机译：厌氧消化是一个众所周知的过程（尽管仍然能够显示新功能）经历了几波技术发展。它最初是作为废水处理系统而诞生的，在1970年代显示了其作为替代能源（特别是从动物废物中获得的替代能源）的希望，在1980年代，它成为了处理富含有机物的工业废水的标准，等等。最近利用其不同的生物质，包括能源作物，以其能量回收潜力重返市场。随着人们对全球变暖问题的日益关注，本文从减少温室气体（GHG）排放的角度着眼于厌氧消化的潜力。根据欧盟27个国家/地区的2005年《京都议定书》，并使用生命周期数据，计算出厌氧消化对减少温室气体的潜在贡献。计算了厌氧消化对京都议定书和欧盟后京都议定书目标的潜在理论贡献。已经考虑了两种可能的沼气应用：粪便垃圾发电，轻型货车的甲烷生产升级（垃圾填埋沼气以及市政和工业废水处理污泥）。由于沼气的实际利用取决于当地条件，因此未考虑将沼气转化为电能的副产品所产生的有用热量。此外，通过专用厌氧消化过程已经产生的沼气量也未包括在计算中。因此，可实现的总体收益将甚至高于此处报告的收益。这项工作表明，沼气尤其是如果用作生物燃料，可能会极大地减少温室气体的排放。结果还表明，将其用作生物燃料可能允许产生真正的负温室气体排放，相对于其他生物燃料而言，这显示出净优势。还考虑到由于共同农业政策（CAP）改革而在未来几年内将提供的能源作物，这项研究表明，沼气有潜力覆盖2020年生物燃料目标的近50％，即所有汽车运输的10％燃料，而不意味着土地用途发生变化。此外，考虑到可以实现的温室气体减排，一个非常大的碳排放交易“价值”可以满足投资需求。但是，这些结果是通过“定性”评估获得的。为了为决策者提供可靠的数据，应该进行定量的可持续性评估，并将不同的方法论整合到生命周期框架中。然后讨论确定最佳策略以促进最佳选择集。

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