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Improved feed management strategy for Litopenaeus vannamei in limited exchange culture systems

机译：有限交换养殖系统中南美白对虾改良饲料管理策略

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Beside great losses to viral disease outbreaks, the shrimp fanning industry is under increasing pressure by the regulatory agencies to meet effluent water quality requirements and to limit potential negative impacts on receiving streams. Shrimp farmers and researchers are looking for cost-effective and sustainable culture methods to minimize environmental impact and reduce their crop losses to diseases. Production of shrimp in limited or zero water exchange systems can provide more bios-ecurity while addressing both issues (Thakur and Lin 2003, Cohen et al. 2004). Feed is a primary source of macronutrients for shrimp and a major source of pollution in pond effluent (Tacon and Forster 2003). Protein is an important component of shrimp feed, contributing a substantial portion of the manufacturing cost (Kureshy and Davis 2002). With the recent trend in shrimp farming intensification under limited discharge, the use of suitable feed ingredients, feed formulations and feeding practices are key factors affecting the viability of these systems. A study by McIntosh et al. (2001) in a small tank system with limited discharge showed significantly better survival, mean final weight, yield and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for shrimp fed a commercial 31 percent crude protein (CP) diet over those fed the 21 percent CP diet. These results suggest that under the conditions of the study, shrimp utilized the higher protein feed more efficiently. Protein in feed has also been associated with the nitrogen load in the effluent from aquaculture activities (Cho et al. 1994). A substantial portion of the feed goes unutilized and, subsequently, ends up adding to the organic load of the culture system (Thakur and Lin 2003). Sustainable growth of the shrimp farming industry requires placing greater emphasis on feed quality and feeding practices that can reduce cost and pollution without compromising productivity. Only limited information is available concerning the effect of feeding high-protein feed, when it is fed at lower ration sizes to match the protein level of low-protein feed, on shrimp and fish performance. Cho and Lovell (2002), while working with channel catfish, did not find significant differences between 28 percent CP feed offered at satiation (100 percent) and a diet with 32 percent, which was fed at 87.5 percent of the satiation rate. In another study, Kureshy and Davis (2002) reported significantly better weight gain for L. vannamei juveniles when fed a 32 percent CP feed compared to 16 percent and 48 percent CP feeds when the feeds were offered on an isonitrogenous basis. A few studies have also been carried out where shrimp were fed based on their dietary energy and protein requirements. The optimal digestible energycrude protein raatio (DE:CP) was reportedly 11.9 kcal/g protein for L. vannamei (Cousin et al. 1993). Working with the same species, Lawrence et al. (1993) reported the protein dietary requirement at 15 percent and the optimum DE:CP ratio at 28.57 kcal/g protein. The current study evaluated the effect of feeding commercial 30 percent and 36 percent CP diets on Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei growth, survival and FCR in tanks and ponds under limited water discharge conditions when the high protein feed was fed on a isonitrogenous basis to the low protein feed.
机译：除病毒性疾病暴发造成的巨大损失外，监管机构还面临着扇扇虾养殖业不断增加的压力，以满足污水水质要求并限制对接收河流的潜在负面影响。虾农和研究人员正在寻找经济有效且可持续的养殖方法，以最大程度地减少对环境的影响并减少农作物因疾病而遭受的损失。在有限或零水交换系统中进行虾类生产可以提供更高的生物安全性，同时解决这两个问题（Thakur和Lin，2003; Cohen等，2004）。饲料是虾大量营养素的主要来源，也是池塘污水中主要的污染来源（Tacon和Forster，2003年）。蛋白质是虾饲料的重要组成部分，占虾生产成本的很大一部分（Kureshy and Davis 2002）。随着近来在有限排放下对虾养殖集约化的趋势，使用合适的饲料成分，饲料配方和喂养方式是影响这些系统生存能力的关键因素。 McIntosh等人的研究。 （2001年）在排放受限的小型水箱系统中，饲喂商业性日粮31％粗蛋白（CP）的虾比饲喂21％CP日粮的虾的存活率，平均最终重量，产量和饲料转化率（FCR）明显提高。这些结果表明，在研究条件下，虾更有效地利用了较高的蛋白质饲料。饲料中的蛋白质也与水产养殖活动的废水中的氮负荷有关（Cho等，1994）。饲料的很大一部分没有利用，随后最终增加了培养系统的有机负荷（Thakur and Lin 2003）。虾类养殖业的可持续发展需要更加重视饲料质量和饲养方式，以降低成本和污染，而又不影响生产力。当以低定量饲喂高蛋白饲料以匹配低蛋白饲料的蛋白质水平时，关于饲喂高蛋白饲料的影响的信息很少，对虾和鱼类的生长性能也有影响。 Cho和Lovell（2002）在研究channel鱼时，发现饱食时提供的28％CP饲料（100％）和32％的日粮（饱食率的87.5％）之间没有显着差异。在另一项研究中，Kureshy和Davis（2002）报告说，饲喂32％CP饲料的南美白对虾幼体增重明显好于以等氮形式饲喂CP饲料的16％和48％CP。还根据虾的膳食能量和蛋白质需求对虾进行了一些研究。据报道，南美白对虾的最佳可消化能量粗蛋白比（DE：CP）为11.9 kcal / g蛋白（Cousin等，1993）。与相同的物种一起工作，Lawrence等。 （1993年）报道蛋白质饮食需求为15％，最佳DE：CP比为28.57 kcal / g蛋白质。当前的研究评估了在有限的排水条件下，当以高氮饲料为基础饲喂高蛋白饲料时，饲喂商业性30％和36％CP饲料对太平洋白对虾南美白对虾生长，存活和FCR的影响。低蛋白饲料。

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