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首页> 外文期刊>Herpetologica >FLEXIBLE DEFENSE: CONTEXT-DEPENDENT ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSES OF TWO SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN ELAPID SNAKES
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FLEXIBLE DEFENSE: CONTEXT-DEPENDENT ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSES OF TWO SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN ELAPID SNAKES

机译：灵活的防御：两种澳大利亚蛇类的上下文相关的始作俑者的反应

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摘要

Snakes exhibit a complex repertoire of defensive responses, shifting from one tactic to another depending upon conditions at the time of encounter with a potential predator. Standardized laboratory trials, controlling factors such,is time of day, temperature, and type of encounter, can be used to test predictions about the form of this context dependency. We studied two sympatric species of elapid snakes from southeastern Australia. Although similar in body sizes, habitat use, and noctnrnality small-eyed snakes (Cryptophis nigrescens) are wide foragers (and hence, encounter predators under cool conditions at night in relatively open areas), whereas; broad-headed snakes (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) fie in ambush for long periods within sun-warmed rock), retreat sites (and hence, encounter predators mostly when the snake is warm, and within its retreat). Based on those differences, we predicted that small-eyed snakes would be thermal generalists; that is, temperature would exert relatively little effect on the snakes' locomotor abilities, alertness, and preparedness to flee from threat. Broad-headed snakes would be likely to utilize tactics other than fleeing, and to increase response intensity substantially at higher temperatures. Both species were predicted to exhibit more intense responses at night, and when warm. Data from our laboratory trials supported these predictions: (1) antipredator behaviors of small-eyed snakes were less sensitive to thermal variation than were those of broad-headed snakes, (2) both species relied primarily on fleeing, but broad-headed snakes were more likely, to adopt retaliatory behavior than were small-eyed snakes, and (3) both species responded more intensely at night and when warm. These results are consistent with the broader theory that snakes flexibly adjust their antipredator tactics to local conditions.
机译：蛇表现出复杂的防御反应，根据遇到潜在掠食者时的情况，从一种战术转变为另一种战术。标准化的实验室试验，例如一天中的时间，温度和接触类型等控制因素，可用于测试有关此上下文相关性形式的预测。我们研究了来自澳大利亚东南部的两种同卵异形蛇。尽管它们的体型相似，但栖息地的使用和夜间的小眼蛇（Cryptophis nigrescens）是广泛的觅食者（因此，在相对开阔的区域，夜间在凉爽的条件下会遇到掠食者），然而;宽头蛇（Hoplocephalus bungaroides）在日光温暖的岩石中长时间埋伏，退缩（因此，当蛇温暖时和退缩时大多会遇到掠食者）。根据这些差异，我们预测小眼睛的蛇会成为通才。也就是说，温度对蛇的运动能力，机敏性和准备逃避威胁的影响相对较小。宽头蛇可能会采用逃跑以外的策略，并在较高温度下大幅提高反应强度。预计这两个物种在晚上和温暖时都会表现出更强烈的反应。我们实验室试验的数据支持了这些预测：（1）小眼蛇的反捕食行为对热变化的敏感性低于宽头蛇，（2）两种物种主要依靠逃跑，但宽头蛇是与小眼蛇相比，采取报复行为的可能性更大;（3）两种物种在夜间和温暖时的反应都更强烈。这些结果与更广泛的理论一致，即蛇可以根据当地情况灵活地调整其反掠夺者战术。

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