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首页> 外文期刊>History of the human sciences >After Nikolai Bukharin: History of science and cultural hegemony at the threshold of the Cold War era
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After Nikolai Bukharin: History of science and cultural hegemony at the threshold of the Cold War era

机译：尼古拉·布哈林（Nikolai Bukharin）之后：科学和文化霸权的历史处于冷战时代的起点

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This article addresses the ideological context of twentieth-century history of science as it emerged and was discussed at the threshold of the Cold War. It is claimed that the bifurcation of the discipline into a socio-economic strand and a technical-intellectual one (the divide between externalism' and internalism') should be traced back to the 1930s. In fact, the proposal of a Marxist-oriented historiography by the Soviet delegates at the International Congress of History of Science and Technology (London, 1931) led by Nikolai Bukharin, set off the ideological and methodological opposition that characterised the later years. Bukharin's views on science are closely considered, as well as those of his Marxist critics, Gyorgy Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci. It is argued that, despite the fluidity of the positions of the 1920s and 1930s, these theories soon crystallized as demonstrated by the leftist reception of Bukharin's and his associates' perspective in the history of science, especially in Great Britain, as well as by the anti-communist reactions. Intellectualist approaches renouncing socio-economic factors, typically those by Alexandre Koyre and Thomas Kuhn, are reconsidered in the light of the ideological confrontation of the Cold War era. Reflection on the political-cultural embedding of the history of science has often been overshadowed by claims about the objectivity and neutrality of science and its historiography. Thus, the seminal discussion of the 1930s remains one of the most lucid moments of reflection about the role of science and history of science as cultural phenomena shaped by political struggles.
机译：本文论述了二十世纪科学史的思想背景，并在冷战时期进行了讨论。据称，该学科分为社会经济分支和技术知识分支（外部主义和内部主义之间的分歧）的历史可以追溯到1930年代。实际上，由尼古拉·布哈林（Nikolai Bukharin）领导的国际科学技术史大会（1931年，伦敦）的苏联代表提出的以马克思主义为导向的史学提议，掀起了后来时代的意识形态和方法论上的对立。布哈林以及他的马克思主义批评家吉尔基·卢卡奇（Gyorgy Lukacs）和安东尼奥·葛兰西（Antonio Gramsci）对科学的看法都得到了认真的考虑。有人认为，尽管1920年代和1930年代的立场是不稳定的，但这些理论很快就得到了证实，如布哈林及其同事在科学史上，特别是在英国，以及左派对科学史的左派接受所证明的那样。反共反应。鉴于冷战时期的意识形态冲突，重新考虑了放弃社会经济因素（通常是亚历山大·科伊尔和托马斯·库恩）的知识分子方法。关于科学及其历史学的客观性和中立性的主张常常掩盖了对科学史在政治文化中的嵌入的反思。因此，对1930年代的开创性讨论仍然是反思科学和科学史作为由政治斗争塑造的文化现象的作用的最清醒的时刻之一。

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