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首页> 外文期刊>HortTechnology >Application of the '4R' Nutrient Stewardship Concept to Horticultural Crops: Applying Nutrients at the 'Right Time'
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Application of the '4R' Nutrient Stewardship Concept to Horticultural Crops: Applying Nutrients at the 'Right Time'

机译：“ 4R”养分管理理念在园艺作物上的应用：“适时”应用养分

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摘要

The 4R nutrient stewardship framework presents four concepts to consider when applying fertilizers in a responsible matter; the "right source" of nutrients should be applied at the "right rate" during the "right time" and supplied to the "right place" to ensure their uptake. In this article, we provide ideas to consider when attempting to provide nutrients at the right time. When nutrients are applied at a time when they are not required by the plant, the result can be economic and environmental losses. Oversupply relative to plant demand can result in losses of applied nutrients because of leaching or volatilization. Undersupply relative to demand, especially in the case of phloem-immobile nutrients, may limit plant growth and yield. Several factors interact to affect plant nutrient demand such as growth stage, life history (annual vs. perennial), environmental conditions, and plant health. Techniques such as soil and tissue testing, isotopic labeling, and spectral reflectance have been used with varying degrees of success and expense to measure plant nutrient demand and guide fertilizer decisions. Besides knowledge of plant nutrient demand, efficient nutrient supply also depends on systems that allow precise spatial and temporal delivery of nutrients. Future improvements to the timing of nutrient delivery will depend on improvement in knowledge of plant nutrient demands. For example, targeted gene expression chips show promise for use in rapidly assessing plant status for a broad suite of nutrients. Future developments that allow more precise nutrient delivery or more robust agroecosystems that scavenge available nutrients before they are lost to the environment will also help producers use nutrients more efficiently.
机译：4R养分管理框架提出了在负责任的情况下施肥时要考虑的四个概念。营养素的“正确来源”应在“正确的时间”内以“正确的比例”施用，并提供给“正确的地方”以确保摄取。在本文中，我们提供了在正确的时间尝试提供营养时应考虑的想法。如果在植物不需要这些营养素的时间施用营养素，则会造成经济和环境损失。相对于植物需求而言，供过于求可能会由于淋滤或挥发而导致营养素流失。相对于需求的供不应求，特别是在韧皮部不动的养分情况下，可能会限制植物的生长和产量。几个因素相互作用来影响植物养分需求，例如生长阶段，生活史（一年或一年生），环境条件和植物健康。诸如土壤和组织测试，同位素标记以及光谱反射率之类的技术已以不同程度的成功和昂贵程度用于测量植物养分需求并指导肥料决策。除了了解植物养分需求之外，有效的养分供应还取决于能够精确地在空间和时间上传递养分的系统。养分输送时间的未来改进将取决于对植物养分需求知识的改进。例如，靶向基因表达芯片显示出有望用于快速评估各种营养素的植物状况。未来的发展将允许更精确的养分输送或更健壮的农业生态系统在将可用养分损失到环境之前进行清除，这也将帮助生产者更有效地利用养分。

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