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首页> 外文期刊>Human nature: an interdisciplinary biosocial perspective >Adaptive Social Learning Strategies in Temporally and Spatially Varying Environments: How Temporal vs. Spatial Variation, Number of Cultural Traits, and Costs of Learning Influence the Evolution of Conformist-Biased Transmission, Payoff-Biased Transmission, and Individual Learning
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Adaptive Social Learning Strategies in Temporally and Spatially Varying Environments: How Temporal vs. Spatial Variation, Number of Cultural Traits, and Costs of Learning Influence the Evolution of Conformist-Biased Transmission, Payoff-Biased Transmission, and Individual Learning

机译：时空变化环境中的适应性社会学习策略：时空变化，文化特征的数量和学习成本如何影响依从性传播，收益性传播和个体学习的演变

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Long before the origins of agriculture human ancestors had expanded across the globe into an immense variety of environments, from Australian deserts to Siberian tundra. Survival in these environments did not principally depend on genetic adaptations, but instead on evolved learning strategies that permitted the assembly of locally adaptive behavioral repertoires. To develop hypotheses about these learning strategies, we have modeled the evolution of learning strategies to assess what conditions and constraints favor which kinds of strategies. To build on prior work, we focus on clarifying how spatial variability, temporal variability, and the number of cultural traits influence the evolution of four types of strategies: (1) individual learning, (2) unbiased social learning, (3) payoff-biased social learning, and (4) conformist transmission. Using a combination of analytic and simulation methods, we show that spatial-but not temporal-variation strongly favors the emergence of conformist transmission. This effect intensifies when migration rates are relatively high and individual learning is costly. We also show that increasing the number of cultural traits above two favors the evolution of conformist transmission, which suggests that the assumption of only two traits in many models has been conservative. We close by discussing how (1) spatial variability represents only one way of introducing the low-level, nonadaptive phenotypic trait variation that so favors conformist transmission, the other obvious way being learning errors, and (2) our findings apply to the evolution of conformist transmission in social interactions. Throughout we emphasize how our models generate empirical predictions suitable for laboratory testing.
机译：在人类的农业起源很久以前，人类祖先就已经遍及全球，从澳大利亚的沙漠到西伯利亚的冻原，已经发展成各种各样的环境。在这些环境中的生存主要不取决于遗传适应，而是取决于进化的学习策略，该策略允许组装局部适应性行为库。为了提出关于这些学习策略的假设，我们对学习策略的演变进行了建模，以评估哪些条件和约束条件有利于哪种策略。为了建立在先前的工作基础上，我们着重于阐明空间变异性，时间变异性和文化特征的数量如何影响四种策略的演变：（1）个人学习，（2）无偏社会学习，（3）收益-有偏见的社会学习，以及（4）遵从性传播。使用分析和模拟方法的组合，我们表明，空间而非时间上的变化强烈促进了顺从性传输的出现。当迁移率相对较高且个人学习成本很高时，这种影响会加剧。我们还表明，将文化特征的数量增加到两个以上有利于顺从传播的发展，这表明在许多模型中只有两个特征的假设是保守的。我们通过讨论结束（1）空间变异性仅代表引入低水平，非自适应表型性状变异的一种方式，该变异有利于顺应性传播，另一种明显的方式是学习错误，以及（2）我们的发现适用于社会交往中的顺从性传播。在整个过程中，我们强调我们的模型如何生成适用于实验室测试的经验预测。

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