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Indigenous shifting cultivation and the new Amazonia: A Piaroa example of economic articulation

机译：土著转移种植和新亚马逊地区：经济发展的皮亚罗亚树实例

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摘要

This article argues against the idea that indigenous cultural change and knowledge loss are inevitably bonded to one another, with particular reference to agro-productive transformations. This view has not only ignored the potential of these productive systems - well documented in recent decades - but has often threatened them by promoting development policies based on mistaken premises. It is suggested here that some indigenous peoples' productive responses to market integration may in fact offer alternatives to the paradoxes of development in seemingly fragile tropical environments. This article reports, in particular, on the strategies developed by the Piaroa, from southern Venezuela. Contemporary large and permanent Piaroa communities, which resulted from their involvement in aspects of national society, have been able to sustain the forests on which they depend while satisfying their food and market necessities. This has been possible due to a series of market strategies based on their agroforestal tradition, which have emphasised the commercialization of secondary forest products. The article proposes that these strategies have been underestimated due to the market conditions in which Piaroa farmers are immersed, and from which they have learnt the very principles of " capitalism." Oil dependent and saturated with corruption, the Venezuelan market hampers their full economic integration, contributing to the idea that their agroforestry system can only produce at subsistence levels.
机译：本文反对这样一种观点，即土著文化的变化和知识的丧失不可避免地相互联系在一起，特别是涉及农业生产的转变。这种观点不仅忽视了这些生产系统的潜力（在最近几十年中有据可查），而且常常通过基于错误前提提出的发展政策来威胁它们。在此建议，某些土著人民对市场一体化的生产性反应实际上可能为看似脆弱的热带环境中发展悖论提供了替代方法。本文特别报道了委内瑞拉南部的Piaroa制定的战略。由于参与了国家社会各个方面而产生的当代大型永久性Piaroa社区，能够在满足其粮食和市场需求的同时维持其赖以生存的森林。由于基于农用农作物传统的一系列市场策略强调了次生林产品的商业化，因此这之所以成为可能。文章认为，由于Piaroa农民所处的市场条件以及他们从中了解了“资本主义”的基本原理，这些策略被低估了。委内瑞拉的市场依赖石油，饱受腐败之害，阻碍了它们的全面经济一体化，这促使人们认为其农林业系统只能在维持生计的水平上生产。

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