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Hormonal Control of Ca Homeostasis in Lower Vertebrates: Considering the Evolution

机译：下脊椎动物脊椎动物钙稳态的激素控制：考虑进化。

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Early vertebrates may have had genes that would later produce hormones concerning Ca homeostasis in advanced vertebrates. These genes may possibly have expressed the respective product for the local control of Ca in some tissues, which must be a paracrine control. When vertebrates acquired the jaw, however, delicate but systemic Ca control may have been needed to cope with fluctuations in blood Ca levels resulting from the digestion of food. Furthermore, when vertebrates were transferred from freshwater to seawater or to land, new control systems must have been required. Therefore, such vertebrates might have coped with two ways in their evolution. One is the increase of the number of local production sites of hormones, for the delicate control of Ca in various tissues, which must be the paracrine control. The other is the creation of new glands for the systemic control of Ca homeostasis by making paracrine cells independent from tissues. This style must be an endocrine control. Therefore, in modern vertebrates, in various tissues, calcitonin, stanniocalcin, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and maybe also prolactin, or at least substances immunoreactive to antibodies against these hormones, are expressed locally as paracrine tissues. At the same time, these hormones or similar molecules are also produced in special endorine glands such as the ultimobranchial glands, Stannius corpuscles, the parathyroid glands and the pituitary gland, respectively. The supposition is summarized in Fig. 1.
机译：早期的脊椎动物可能具有后来会在晚期脊椎动物中产生与Ca稳态有关的激素的基因。这些基因可能已经表达了在某些组织中局部控制Ca的相应产物，这些组织必须是旁分泌的。但是，当脊椎动物获得下颌骨时，可能需要进行精细而全身的钙控制，以应对因食物消化而导致的血液钙水平波动。此外，当脊椎动物从淡水转移到海水或陆地时，必须需要新的控制系统。因此，这样的脊椎动物可能在进化过程中遇到了两种方式。一种是增加激素的局部产生部位的数量，以精确控制各种组织中的钙，这必须是旁分泌的控制。另一个是通过使旁分泌细胞独立于组织来创建新的腺体，以系统地控制Ca稳态。这种风格必须是内分泌控制。因此，在现代脊椎动物中，在各种组织中，降钙素，斯坦钙钙蛋白，甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白，也可能是催乳素，或至少对这些激素的抗体具有免疫反应性的物质，作为旁分泌组织局部表达。同时，这些激素或类似分子也分别在特殊的内分泌腺体中产生，例如超支气管腺体，斯坦尼斯小球体，甲状旁腺和垂体腺体。该假设总结在图1中。

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