Labour resources in individual farming analysed on the example of zachodniomoporskie province

MONIKA STANNY-BURAK; MARIA SASIN

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Labour resources in individual farming analysed on the example of zachodniomoporskie province

机译：以扎乔德尼莫波尔斯基省为例的个体农业劳动力资源分析

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The subject of analysis are human resources of private farms operating in communes where state-run farms predominated in the past, which are examined from the point of view of the level of economic activity in 1996. The involvement of the populationliving on private farms in the process of work is determined by a number of economic and social factors. The most important of the economic factors are: demand for labour, sources of income other than remuneration for work, possibilities of a multifunctional development of rural communes. The most significant social factors, in turn, are: the attitude to work, model of a family, vocational activity of women, and the level of education. Also important are demographic factors such demographic fluctuations or depopulation, which have a decisive influence on the size of labour resources. The population engaged in individual fanning in the surveyed area is not prepared, in terms of the level of education and structure of employment, to meet the requirements of the market economy. The demographic situation in the region, in turn, tends to be better in communes where non-agricultural functions and village infrastructure are better developed. Generally, in Zachodniopomorskie province there is no clear accumulation of communes with similar demographic and socio-vocational features of the workforce linked to individual farms. For many decades state-owned farms (PGRs) situated in these communes had a decisive influence on the degree of development of rural areas, shaping the structure of the workforce. Changes introduced in the result of privatisation and restructuring have led in many cases to a situation where besides recessive communes there develop modern, multifunctional, well organized villages that group vocationally active residents.

机译：分析的对象是过去以公营农场为主导的公社经营的私营农场的人力资源，从1996年的经济活动水平出发对这些私营农场的人力资源进行了研究。工作过程取决于许多经济和社会因素。经济因素中最重要的是：劳动力需求，工作报酬以外的收入来源，农村公社多功能发展的可能性。反过来，最重要的社会因素是：工作态度，家庭模式，妇女的职业活动以及教育水平。同样重要的是人口因素，例如人口波动或人口减少，这些因素对劳动力资源的规模具有决定性的影响。就受教育程度和就业结构而言，在调查区域从事个人煽风点火的人口还没有准备好满足市场经济的要求。反过来，在非农业功能和乡村基础设施得到较好发展的公社中，该地区的人口状况往往会更好。通常，在Zachodniopomorskie省，没有明显积累的具有与各个农场相关的劳动力人口和社会职业特征相似的公社。几十年来，这些公社中的国有农场对农村地区的发展程度具有决定性的影响，影响了劳动力的结构。在私有化和重组的结果中引入的变化在许多情况下导致了这样一种情况，即除了隐性公社以外，那里还发展了现代的，多功能的，组织良好的村庄，这些村庄将职业活跃的居民聚集在一起。

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《Wies i Rolnictwo》 |2003年第1期|共13页
作者
MONIKA STANNY-BURAK; MARIA SASIN;
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中图分类农业经济;
关键词
population engaged in farming; workforce; systemic transformation; grouping and hierarchy;

机译：从事农业的人口;劳动力;系统转型;分组和等级制;

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1. Labour resources in individual farming analysed on the example of zachodniomoporskie province [J] . MONIKA STANNY-BURAK, MARIA SASIN Wies i Rolnictwo . 2003,第1期

机译：以扎乔德尼莫波尔斯基省为例的个体农业劳动力资源分析
2. LACK OF LABOUR RESOURCES - ONE OF THE RESTRAINING FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN BULGARIA [J] . Agapieva-Aliosman V, Dirimanova V Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology . 2020,第4期

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3. Production and Cost Efficiency Analysis Using Frontier Stochastic Approach, A Case on Paddy Farming System With Integrated Plant and Resource Management (IPRM) Approach In Buru District Maluku Province Indonesia [J] . Ismatul Hidayah, Nuhfil Hanani, Ratya Anindita, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development . 2013,第1期

机译：基于前沿随机方法的生产和成本效率分析，以印度尼西亚马鲁古省布鲁市以植物和资源管理（IPRM）综合方法为基础的稻作系统
4. Analysing the sustainable development of coal resources in Shanxi Province from the perspective of coal reserves [C] . Chunchen Wei, Chunxiang Hu, Zhiwei Yu International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection . 2014

机译：从煤炭储备角度分析山西省煤炭资源的可持续发展
5. Heavy burdens on small shoulders: The invisible labour of children in Anglo pioneer farming families on the western Canadian prairies, 1871--1913. [D] . Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra L. 2003

机译：小肩上的沉重负担：1871年至1913年，在加拿大西部大草原上的盎格鲁先锋农业家庭中，儿童的无形劳动。
6. A synthesis of recent analyses of human resources for health requirements and labour market dynamics in high-income OECD countries [O] . Gail Tomblin Murphy, Stephen Birch, Adrian MacKenzie, 2016

机译：经合组织高收入国家对满足卫生要求和劳动力市场动态的人力资源的最新分析综述
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

Labour resources in individual farming analysed on the example of zachodniomoporskie province

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