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首页> 外文期刊>Zoologica Scripta: An International Journal of Evolutionary Zoology >Evolution and biogeography of primates: a new model based on molecular phylogenetics, vicariance and plate tectonics
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Evolution and biogeography of primates: a new model based on molecular phylogenetics, vicariance and plate tectonics

机译：灵长类动物的进化和生物地理学：基于分子系统发育，变异性和板块构造的新模型

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The ages of the oldest fossils suggest an origin for primates in the Paleocene (～56 Ma). Fossil-calibrated molecular clock dates give Cretaceous dates (～80–116 Ma). Both these estimates are minimum dates although they are often ‘transmogrified’ and treated as maximum or absolute dates. Oldest fossils can underestimate ages by tens of millions of years and instead of calibrating the time-course of evolution with a scanty fossil record, the geographical boundaries of the main molecular clades of primates are calibrated here with radiometrically dated tectonic events. This indicates that primates originated when a globally widespread ancestor (early Archonta) differentiated into a northern group (Plesiadapiformes, extinct), a southern group (Primates), and two south-east Asian groups (Dermoptera and Scandentia). The division occurred with the breakup of Pangea in the Early Jurassic and the opening of the central Atlantic (～185 Ma). Within primates, the strepsirrhines and haplorhines diverged with volcanism and buckling on the Lebombo Monocline, a volcanic rifted margin in south-east Africa (Early Jurassic, ～180 Ma). Within strepsirrhines, lorises and galagos (Africa and Asia) and lemurs (Madagascar) diverged with the formation of the Mozambique Channel (Middle Jurassic, 160 Ma). Within haplorhines, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys diverged with the opening of the Atlantic (Early Cretaceous, ～130 Ma). The main aspects of primate distribution are interpreted as the result of plate tectonics, phylogeny and vicariance, with some subsequent range expansion leading to secondary overlap. Long-distance, trans-oceanic dispersal events are not necessary. The primate ancestral complex was already widespread globally when sea-floor spreading, strike-slip rifting and orogeny fractured and deformed distributions through the Jurassic and Cretaceous, leading to the origin of the modern clades. The model suggests that the topology of the phylogenetic tree reflects a sequence of differentiation in a widespread ancestor rather than a series of dispersal events.
机译：最古老的化石的年龄暗示了古新世（〜56 Ma）中灵长类动物的起源。化石校准的分子时钟日期为白垩纪日期（〜80–116 Ma）。这两个估计值都是最短日期，尽管它们经常被“透不过气”，并被视为最大或绝对日期。最古老的化石可能低估了几千万年的年龄，而不是用稀少的化石记录来校准进化的时间过程，而在此通过辐射测年的构造事件来校准灵长类动物主要分子进化枝的地理边界。这表明灵长类动物起源于全球范围内的祖先（早期的Archonta）分化为北部组（Plesiadapiformes，已灭绝），南部组（Primates）和两个东南亚组（Dermoptera和Scandentia）。分裂发生于侏罗纪早期的Pangea破裂和大西洋中部的开放（〜185 Ma）。在灵长类动物中，链霉菌和海豚毒素因火山活动而发散，并在非洲东南部（侏罗纪早期，〜180 Ma）的火山裂谷边缘的Lebombo Monocline弯曲。链霉菌，鹦鹉和加拉各斯（非洲和亚洲）和狐猴（马达加斯加）内部因莫桑比克海峡的形成而发散（中侏罗纪，160 Ma）。随着大西洋的开放（白垩纪早期，〜130 Ma），旧大陆的猴子和新大陆的猴子在叉lor中分叉。灵长类动物分布的主要方面被解释为板块构造，系统发育和变异的结果，随后的范围扩展导致次生重叠。远距离，越洋扩散事件不是必需的。当海底扩张，走滑裂谷和造山运动使侏罗纪和白垩纪的分布破裂并变形时，灵长类祖先群已经在全球广泛传播，从而导致了现代进化枝的起源。该模型表明，系统发育树的拓扑结构反映了一个广泛的祖先的分化序列，而不是一系列的扩散事件。

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