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首页> 外文期刊>Zoologica Scripta: An International Journal of Evolutionary Zoology >Testing for misleading effects in the phylogenetic reconstruction of ancient lineages of hexapods: influence of character dependence and character choice in analyses of 28S rRNA sequences
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Testing for misleading effects in the phylogenetic reconstruction of ancient lineages of hexapods: influence of character dependence and character choice in analyses of 28S rRNA sequences

机译：测试古代六足动物谱系的系统发育重建中的误导作用：在28S rRNA序列分析中字符依赖性和字符选择的影响

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摘要

The present analyses employ the almost complete sequence of the 28S rRNA gene to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Pancrustacea, placing special emphasis on the position of basal hexapod lineages. This study utilizes a greater number of characters and taxa of Protura, Collembola and Diplura than previous analyses to focus on conflicts in the reconstruction of the early steps in hexapod evolution. Phylogenetic trees are mainly based on Bayesian approaches, but likewise include analyses with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony. Different analyses, including the application of a mixed DNA/RNA substitution model, were performed to narrow possible misleading effects of non-stationarity of nucleotide frequencies, saturation and character independence down to a minimum. This is the first time that a mixed DNA/RNA model is applied to analyse 28S rRNA sequences of basal hexapods. All methods yielded strong support for the monophyly of Collembola, Diplura, Dicondylia and Insecta s.str., as well as for a cluster composed of Diplura and Protura ('Nonoculata-hypothesis'). However, the last cluster may be an artifact caused by a shared GC bias of the 28S sequences between these orders, in combination with a long branch effect. The instability of the position of the 'Nonoculata' within Pancrustacea further bears out the misleading effect of non-stationarity of nucleotide frequencies. Protura and Diplura either form the sister-group to Collembola (Entognatha) or cluster with branchiopod crustaceans. Overall, the phylogenetic signal of the complete sequences of the 28S rRNA gene favours monophyly of Hexapoda over paraphyly. However, further corroboration from independent data is needed to rule out the competing hypothesis of mutually paraphyletic Crustacea and Hexapoda.
机译：目前的分析利用28S rRNA基因的几乎完整序列来调查甲壳纲之间的系统发生关系，特别着重于基底六足动物谱系的位置。这项研究比以前的分析利用Protura，Collembola和Diplura的更多字符和类群来关注六足动物进化早期步骤的重建中的冲突。系统发生树主要基于贝叶斯方法，但同样包括具有最大似然和最大简约性的分析。进行了各种分析，包括应用混合的DNA / RNA替代模型，以将核苷酸频率的非平稳性，饱和度和字符独立性的可能的误导作用缩小到最小。这是首次将DNA / RNA混合模型用于分析基础六足动物的28S rRNA序列。所有方法都为Collembola，Diplura，Dicondylia和Insecta s.str。的一元论以及由Diplura和Protura组成的簇（“ Nonoculata-hypothesis”）提供了有力的支持。但是，最后一个簇可能是由这些顺序之间28S序列的共享GC偏差以及长分支效应共同导致的伪影。 Pancrustacea中“ Nonoculata”位置的不稳定性进一步证实了核苷酸频率不平稳的误导作用。 Protura和Diplura或与Collembola（Entognatha）形成姐妹组，或与branch足类甲壳类动物成簇。总的来说，28S rRNA基因完整序列的系统发生信号比六面体更偏向于六足纲。但是，需要进一步证实来自独立数据以排除相互共生的甲壳纲和六足纲的相互竞争的假设。

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