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首页> 外文期刊>Development >Grasshopper hunchback expression reveals conserved and novel aspects of axis formation and segmentation.
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Grasshopper hunchback expression reveals conserved and novel aspects of axis formation and segmentation.

机译：蚱的驼背表达揭示了轴形成和分割的保守和新颖方面。

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While the expression patterns of segment polarity genes such as engrailed have been shown to be similar in Drosophila melanogaster and Schistocerca americana (grasshopper), the expression patterns of pair-rule genes such as even-skipped are not conserved between these species. This might suggest that the factors upstream of pair-rule gene expression are not conserved across insect species. We find that, despite this, many aspects of the expression of the Drosophila gap gene hunchback are shared with its orthologs in the grasshoppers S. americana and L. migratoria. We have analyzed both mRNA and protein expression during development, and find that the grasshopper hunchback orthologs appear to have a conserved role in early axial patterning of the germ anlagen and in the specification of gnathal and thoracic primordia. In addition, distinct stepped expression levels of hunchback in the gnathal/thoracic domains suggest that grasshopper hunchback may act in a concentration-dependent fashion (as in Drosophila), although morphogenetic activity is not set up by diffusion to form a smooth gradient. Axial patterning functions appear to be performed entirely by zygotic hunchback, a fundamental difference from Drosophila in which maternal and zygotic hunchback play redundant roles. In grasshoppers, maternal hunchback activity is provided uniformly to the embryo as protein and, we suggest, serves a distinct role in distinguishing embryonic from extra-embryonic cells along the anteroposterior axis from the outset of development - a distinction made in Drosophila along the dorsoventral axis later in development. Later hunchback expression in the abdominal segments is conserved, as are patterns in the nervous system, and in both Drosophila and grasshopper, hunchback is expressed in a subset of extra-embryonic cells. Thus, while the expected domains of hunchback expression are conserved in Schistocerca, we have found surprising and fundamental differences in axial patterning, and have identified a previously unreported domain of expression in Drosophila that suggests conservation of a function in extra-embryonic patterning.
机译：虽然在果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）和美洲血吸虫（Shistocerca americana）（grasshopper）中已显示出片段极性基因的表达模式（例如已进化的）相似，但在这些物种之间却不保守成对规则基因的表达模式（例如偶数跳过）。这可能表明，成对规则基因表达的上游因素在昆虫物种中并不保守。我们发现，尽管如此，果蝇间隙基因驼背表达的许多方面都与它的直系同源基因在蚱S S. americana和L. migratoria中共享。我们已经分析了发育过程中的mRNA和蛋白质表达，发现蚱驼背直向同源物似乎在胚轴胶原的早期轴向模式以及棘突和胸原基的规格中具有保守作用。此外，驼背/胸域中驼背的明显阶梯式表达水平表明，蚱驼背可能以浓度依赖的方式起作用（如果蝇），尽管形态发生活性不是通过扩散建立平滑梯度形成的。轴向构图功能似乎完全由合子驼背执行，这与果蝇的基本区别在于果蝇在其中母体和合子驼背起着多余的作用。在蚱hopper中，母性驼背活动作为蛋白质均匀地提供给胚胎，我们建议在从发育开始时沿前后轴区分胚胎与胚外细胞方面起独特作用-果蝇沿背腹轴进行区分后来发展。后来，驼背在腹部的表达得以保留，在神经系统中也是如此，在果蝇和蚱hopper中，驼背都在胚外细胞的一个子集中表达。因此，虽然驼背表达的预期结构域在血吸虫中得以保留，但我们发现了轴向构图方面令人惊讶的基本差异，并鉴定了果蝇中以前未报道的表达结构域，表明在胚外构图中功能得以保留。

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