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首页> 外文期刊>Development >Normal and aberrant craniofacial myogenesis by grafted trunk somitic and segmental plate mesoderm.
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Normal and aberrant craniofacial myogenesis by grafted trunk somitic and segmental plate mesoderm.

机译：正常和异常的颅面肌新生由躯干体节段和节段性板中皮移植而成。

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Our research assesses the ability of three trunk mesodermal populations - medial and lateral halves of newly formed somites, and presomitic (segmental plate) mesenchyme - to participate in the differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. Grafts from quail donor embryos were placed in mesodermal pockets adjacent to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, prior to the onset of neural crest migration, in chick host embryos. This encompasses the site where the lateral rectus and the proximal first branchial arch muscle primordia arise. The distribution and differentiation of graft-derived cells were assayed using QCPN and QH1 antibodies to identify all quail cells and quail endothelial cells, respectively. Chimeric embryos were assayed for expression of myf5, myod, paraxis and lbx1, and the synthesis of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), between 1 and 6 days later (stages 14-30). Heterotopic and control (orthotopic) transplants consistently produced invasive angioblasts, and contributed to the lateral rectus and proximal first branchial arch muscles; many also contributed to the dorsal oblique muscle. The spatiotemporal patterns of transcription factor and MyHC expression by these trunk cells mimicked those of normal head muscles. Heterotopic grafts also gave rise to many ectopic muscles. These were observed in somite-like condensations at the implant site, in dense mesenchymal aggregates adjacent to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, and in numerous small condensations scattered deep to the dorsal margin of the eye. Cells in ectopic condensations expressed trunk transcription factors and differentiated rapidly, mimicking the trunk myogenic timetable. A novel discovery was the formation by grafted trunk mesoderm of many mononucleated myocytes and irregularly oriented myotubes deep to the eye. These results establish that the head environment is able to support the progressive differentiation of several distinct trunk myogenic progenitor populations, over-riding whatever biases were present at the time of grafting. The spatial and temporal control of head muscle differentiation and morphogenesis are very site specific, and head mesoderm outside of these sites is normally refractory to, or inhibited by, the signals that initiate ectopic myogenesis by grafted trunk mesoderm cells.
机译：我们的研究评估了三个躯干中胚层种群（新形成的体节的内侧和外侧半部分以及早搏（分段板）间充质）参与颅面部肌肉分化和形态发生的能力。在神经c迁移开始之前，将来自鹌鹑供体胚胎的移植物放置在邻近中脑-后脑边界的中胚层袋中，然后移植到雏鸡宿主胚胎中。这包括外侧直肌和近端第一分支弓形肌原基出现的部位。使用QCPN和QH1抗体分析了移植物衍生细胞的分布和分化，以分别鉴定所有鹌鹑细胞和鹌鹑内皮细胞。在1至6天后（阶段14-30），检测嵌合胚胎的myf5，myod，paraxis和lbx1的表达以及肌球蛋白重链的合成（MyHC）。异位和对照（原位）移植持续产生侵袭性成血管细胞，并有助于外侧直肌和近端第一first弓肌。许多也有助于背斜肌。这些干细胞的转录因子和MyHC表达的时空模式模仿了正常头部肌肉的时空模式。异位移植物也引起了许多异位肌肉。这些现象在植入部位的类似体节状凝结，邻近中脑-后脑边界的密集的间充质聚集体中以及在散布到眼背缘深处的许多小凝结中观察到。异位缩合中的细胞表达躯干转录因子并迅速分化，模仿了躯干的肌原性时间表。一个新颖的发现是，移植到眼中部的许多单核肌细胞和取向不规则的肌管形成了中皮。这些结果表明，头部环境能够支持几种不同的躯干成肌祖细胞的逐步分化，从而超越了嫁接时出现的任何偏见。头部肌肉分化和形态发生的空间和时间控制是非常特定于部位的，并且在这些部位之外的头部中胚层通常对于通过移植的躯干中胚层细胞启动异位肌形成的信号是难治的或受其抑制。

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