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首页> 外文期刊>Drugs of today: Medicamentos de actualidad >The treatment of neurological diseases under a new light: the importance of optogenetics.
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The treatment of neurological diseases under a new light: the importance of optogenetics.

机译：神经病学的新视野：光遗传学的重要性。

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Controlling activity of defined populations of neurons without affecting other neurons in the brain is now possible by a new gene- and neuroengineering technology termed optogenetics. Derived from microbial organisms, opsin genes encoding light-activated ion channels and pumps (channelrhodopsin-2 [ChR2]; halorhodopsin [NpHR], respectively), engineered for expression in the mammalian brain, can be genetically targeted into specific neural populations using viral vectors. When exposed to light with appropriate wavelength, action potentials can be triggered in ChR2-expressing neurons, whereas inhibition of action potentials can be obtained in NpHR-expressing neurons, thus allowing for powerful control of neural activity. Optogenetics is now intensively used in laboratory animals, both in vitro and in vivo, for exploring functions of complex neural circuits and information processing in the normal brain and during various neurological conditions. The clinical perspectives of adopting optogenetics as a novel treatment strategy for human neurological disorders have generated considerable interest, largely because of the enormous potential demonstrated in recent rodent and nonhuman primate studies. Restoration of dopamine-related movement dysfunction in parkinsonian animals, amelioration of blindness and recovery of breathing after spinal cord injury are a few examples of such perspectives.
机译：现在，通过一种称为光遗传学的新基因和神经工程技术，可以在不影响大脑中其他神经元的情况下控制特定神经元种群的活动。源自微生物，可将编码光激活离子通道和泵的视蛋白基因（分别为通道视紫红质2 [ChR2];卤代视紫红质[NpHR]）改造成可在哺乳动物脑中表达的基因，可以使用病毒载体将其遗传靶向特定的神经群体。当暴露在具有适当波长的光下时，可以在表达ChR2的神经元中触发动作电位，而在表达NpHR的神经元中则可以抑制动作电位，因此可以有效控制神经活动。现在，光遗传学已广泛用于体外和体内实验动物，以探索正常大脑和各种神经系统疾病中复杂神经回路的功能和信息处理。采用光遗传学作为人类神经系统疾病的一种新颖治疗策略的临床观点引起了人们的极大兴趣，这主要是因为最近在啮齿动物和非人类灵长类动物研究中显示出巨大的潜力。帕金森氏症动物中多巴胺相关运动功能障碍的恢复，脊髓损伤后失明的改善和呼吸恢复是这种观点的一些例子。

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