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A brief history of pneumococcal vaccines.

机译：肺炎球菌疫苗简史。

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Attempts to control pneumococcal infection by vaccination, undertaken initially in 1911, have gone through 3 phases during the subsequent 8 decades. Initially, vaccines of killed pneumococcal cells prepared in a variety of ways were used in epidemic settings with inconclusive results, although administered to approximately 1 million recipients. The discovery that adults injected with small amounts of purified capsular polysaccharide developed antibodies to the homologous capsular type led to the trial of a tetravalent vaccine that showed conclusively its ability to prevent infection by the types represented in it. With the advent of penicillin and other effective antipneumococcal drugs, interest in prophylaxis waned. Interest in vaccination was revived only after demonstration that some segments of the population remained at high risk of death if infected and after the emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci. Infants and young children, among whom the incidence of pneumococcal infection is high, respond poorly to purified bacterial polysaccharides but develop satisfactory responses to bacterial polysaccharides when these are linked chemically to a protein. The early results of trials with such polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines give promise that control of a significant portion of pneumococcal infection in the paediatric population will soon be feasible.
机译：在1911年开始尝试通过疫苗接种控制肺炎球菌感染的尝试在随后的8年中经历了三个阶段。最初，以多种方式制备的杀灭的肺炎球菌细胞疫苗虽然在大约100万名接受者中使用，但在流行病环境中使用的结果尚无定论。成人注射少量纯化的荚膜多糖后会发现针对同种荚膜类型的抗体的发现导致对四价疫苗的试验，该疫苗最终显示出具有预防其所代表类型感染的能力。随着青霉素和其他有效的抗肺炎球菌药物的出现，人们对预防的兴趣减弱了。对疫苗的兴趣只有在证明某些人群被感染后仍处于高死亡风险并且出现了多药耐药性肺炎链球菌之后，才恢复了对疫苗的兴趣。肺炎球菌感染的发生率较高的婴儿和幼儿对纯化的细菌多糖反应较差，但当它们与蛋白质化学连接时，对细菌多糖的反应令人满意。这种多糖蛋白结合疫苗的早期试验结果表明，控制儿科人群肺炎球菌感染的很大一部分将很快可行。

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