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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry >Foliar and Soil Deposition of Pesticide Sprays in Peanuts and Their Washoff and Runoff under Simulated Worst-Case Rainfall Conditions
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Foliar and Soil Deposition of Pesticide Sprays in Peanuts and Their Washoff and Runoff under Simulated Worst-Case Rainfall Conditions

机译：模拟最坏降雨条件下花生农药喷雾的叶面和土壤沉降及其冲刷和径流

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There are few studies that relate the timing and amounts of pesticide washoff from plant foliage during rainfall to runoff losses at the edge of the field.We hypothesized that foliar deposits,if washed onto the soil slowly during rainfall,may then undergo less leaching during the period of infiltration that occurs prior to soil saturation and runoff,thus exhibiting larger runoff losses than pesticides on/in the soil at the beginning of rain.We measured the runoff of ethalfluralin,metolachlor,chlorothalonil,and rhodamine WT dye using simulated rainfall on 450 m~2 mesoplots planted in peanut.Ethalfluralin was applied preplant incorporated,and metolachlor was applied preemergence on bare soil.Chlorothalonil and rhodamine WT were applied to the peanut canopy at maturity.Rainfall was simulated 24 h after each chemical application(in May and July,1998,and May and August,1999)using raindrop sprinklers,applying 5.5(+-)0.5 cm over a 2 h period to create reasonable worst-case conditions;between 3 and 9 mm of runoff was generated.Volume-weighted average concentrations of chemicals in runoff were 7,104,163,and 179 ug L~(-1)for ethalfluralin,metolachlor,chlorothalonil,and rhodamine WT,respectively.The total amounts of chemicals lost in the runoff events were 0.04(+-)0.01,0.2(+-)0.1,0.6(+-)0.5,and 0.2(+-)0.1,as percents of amounts applied,respectively.Rhodamine WT formed a vivid red solution on wetting and provided visual clues to the dynamics of chemical washoff/runoff.The washoff from rain-exposed peanut foliage appeared to be complete within a few minutes of the beginning of rainfall,and disappearance of dye from rain-exposed soil surface occurred within the first 10 min of rainfall.However,dye was present in runoff water at near-constant concentrations throughout the 2 h runoff event,indicating that near-constant amounts of chemical remained in the soil extraction zone.These results confirm earlier studies showing that soil incorporation at application significantly reduces runoff losses and that a majority of foliar residues can be washable if rainfall occurs within a few days after application.Runoff losses of foliar-applied pesticides were small relative to washoff amounts but were sensitive to runoff timing relative to washoff.
机译：很少有研究将降雨期间植物从叶面冲刷农药的时间和量与田间边缘的径流损失联系起来。我们假设，如果在降雨期间缓慢将叶状沉积物淋洗到土壤上，则在降雨期间淋洗较少。在土壤饱和和径流之前发生的入渗期，因此与降雨开始时土壤上/内部的农药相比，径流损失更大。我们使用模拟降雨在450上测量了乙氟拉林，间甲草胺，百菌清和若丹明WT染料的径流在花生中种植m〜2个中耕地，在土壤中裸露前施用乙草胺，在土壤裸露前施用甲草胺，在氯丁苯胺和若丹明WT熟化后对花生冠层进行施用，每次施用24小时后模拟降雨（5月和7月（1998年，1999年5月和1999年8月）使用雨滴喷头，在2小时内施加5.5（±）0.5 cm，以创造合理的最坏情况;产生了3mm和9mm的径流，乙氟拉林，异丙甲草胺，百菌清和若丹明WT的径流化学品的体积加权平均浓度分别为7,104,163和179 ug L〜（-1）。径流事件分别为0.04（+-）0.01、0.2（+-）0.1、0.6（+-）0.5和0.2（+-）0.1（以施药量的百分比计）。若丹明WT在润湿时形成鲜红色溶液并从视觉上为化学冲刷/径流动力学提供了线索。降雨开始后几分钟内，暴露于雨水的花生叶片的清除作用似乎已经完成，而暴露于雨水的土壤表面上的染料消失则在最初的10分钟内就消失了。但是，在整个2小时径流事件中，径流水中的染料含量几乎保持恒定，这表明土壤提取区中残留了几乎恒定量的化学物质。这些结果证实了较早的研究表明施用时土壤掺入大大降低r施用后几天内如果出现降雨，则大部分叶面残留物都可以被洗涤。叶面施用农药的径流损失相对于径流量较小，但对径流时间相对于径流敏感。

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