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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry >Annual research review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course
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Annual research review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course

机译：年度研究回顾：生命过程中的适应力和适应能力的神经生物学和生理学

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Background Adaptation is key to survival. An organism must adapt to environmental challenges in order to be able to thrive in the environment in which they find themselves. Resilience can be thought of as a measure of the ability of an organism to adapt, and to withstand challenges to its stability. In higher animals, the brain is a key player in this process of adaptation and resilience, and through a process known as "allostasis" can obtain "stability through change"; protecting homeostasis in the face of stressors in the environment. Mediators of allostasis, such as glucocorticoids, can cause changes in the structure and function of neural circuits, clearly impacting behavior. How developmental stage interacts with stress and leads to long-lasting changes is a key question addressed in this review. Scope and Methods We discuss the concept of allostasis, its role in resilience, the neural and physiological systems mediating these responses, the modulatory role of development, and the consequences for adult functioning. We present this in the context of mediators the brain and body engage to protect against threats to homeostasis. The review has been informed by comprehensive searches on PubMed and Scopus through November 2012. Findings Stressors in the environment can have long lasting effects on development, depending upon the stage of life at which they are experienced. As such, adverse childhood experiences can alter resilience of individuals, making it more difficult for them to respond normally to adverse situations in adulthood, but the brain maintains the capacity to re-enter a more plastic state where such effects can be mitigated. Conclusions The brain regulates responses that allow for adaptation to challenges in the environment. The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to stability can be considered as "resilience". While adverse childhood experiences can have long-term negative consequences, under the right circumstances, the brain can re-enter plastic states, and negative outcomes may be mitigated, even later in life. ? 2013 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ? 2013 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
机译：背景适应是生存的关键。有机体必须适应环境挑战，才能在其所处的环境中壮成长。复原力可被视为衡量生物体适应能力以及承受其稳定性挑战的能力的一种量度。在高等动物中，大脑是这种适应和恢复力过程的关键参与者，通过称为“同化作用”的过程可以获得“通过变化获得稳定性”。面对环境中的压力源，保护体内平衡。诸如糖皮质激素之类的同化作用介导剂可引起神经回路结构和功能的改变，从而明显影响行为。发育阶段如何与压力相互作用并导致持久变化是本综述中解决的关键问题。范围和方法我们讨论了同种异体的概念，其在弹性中的作用，介导这些反应的神经和生理系统，发育的调节作用以及对成人功能的影响。我们在调解人的背景下提出这一点，调解人的大脑和身体参与以防止对稳态的威胁。到2012年11月，我们已在PubMed和Scopus上进行了全面搜索，得出了该评论。发现环境中的压力源可以对发展产生长期的影响，具体取决于他们所经历的生活阶段。因此，不良的童年经历会改变个体的适应能力，使他们更难以正常应对成年期的不利情况，但大脑仍具有重新进入可减轻这种影响的更可塑状态的能力。结论大脑调节反应，以适应环境中的挑战。大脑和身体抵御稳定性挑战的能力可以被认为是“复原力”。虽然不良的童年经历可能带来长期的负面影响，但在适当的情况下，大脑可以重新进入可塑性状态，甚至可以减轻不良后果，甚至在以后的生活中。 ？ 2013作者。儿童心理学与精神病学杂志？ 2013年儿童和青少年心理健康协会。

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