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A Diagnostic Study of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode in El Nino and Non-El Nino Years

机译：厄尔尼诺和非厄尔尼诺年印度洋偶极子模式的诊断研究

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The Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) is examined by comparing the characteristics of oceanic and atmospheric circulations, heat budgets, and possible mechanisms of IODM between El Nino and non-El Nino years. Forty-year ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, Reynolds SST data, and ocean assimilation data from the Modular Ocean Model are used to form composites of the IODM that occur during El Nino (1972, 1982, and 1997) and non-El Nino (1961, 1967, and 1994) years. In El Nino years, two off-equatorial, anticyclonic circulations develop, associated with the increased pressure over the eastern Indian Ocean. The anticyclonic circulation over the Northern Hemisphere enhances the easterly component of the winds in the northwestern Indian Ocean. This enhanced easterly component increases the mixed layer temperature by inducing an anomalous westward ocean current that advects the warm mean mixed layer from the central to the western Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, the anticyclonic circulation over the southeastern Indian Ocean strengthens southeasterlies, thereby causing oceanic meridional and vertical advection of the cold mean temperature. Consequently, the IODM in El Nino years is characterized by the warming in the northwestern and the cooling in the southeastern Indian Ocean. In non-El Nino years, a monsoonlike wind flow increases the westerly and southeasterly components of the wind over the northwestern and southeastern Indian Ocean, respectively. Oceanic currents induced by these winds result in anomalous cold advection in both of these regions. In addition, the monsoonlike wind flow over the southeastern Indian Ocean enhances the anomalous latent and sensible heat fluxes in non-El Nino years. Hence, the cooling of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, rather than the warming of the western Indian Ocean, becomes the major feature of the IODM during non-El Nino years.
机译：通过比较厄尔尼诺和非厄尔尼诺年之间海洋和大气环流的特征，热量收支以及IODM的可能机制，研究了印度洋偶极子模式（IODM）。来自模块化海洋模型的40年ECMWF重新分析（ERA-40）数据，雷诺SST数据和海洋同化数据被用于形成IODM的复合物，这些复合物发生在厄尔尼诺现象（1972、1982和1997）以及-El Nino（1961、1967和1994）年。在厄尔尼诺（El Nino）年，随着印度洋东部的压力增加，出现了两次赤道外的反气旋环流。北半球的反气旋环流增强了印度洋西北部风向东的分量。这种增强的东风分量通过引起异常的向西洋流，从中部到印度洋西部平移温暖的平均混合层，从而增加了混合层的温度。同时，印度洋东南部的反气旋环流加强了东南风，从而造成了冷平均温度的海洋经向和垂直对流。因此，厄尔尼诺现象时期的IODM的特征是西北部变暖和印度洋东南部变冷。在非厄尔尼诺时代，季风状的气流分别增加了印度洋西北部和东南部的风的西风和东南风。这些风引起的洋流在这两个区域均导致异常的冷平流。另外，在非厄尔尼诺时代，印度东南部的季风状气流增强了异常潜热和显热通量。因此，在非厄尔尼诺时期，东部热带印度洋的冷却而不是西部印度洋的变暖成为IODM的主要特征。

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