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Multi-layered environmental regulation on the homeostasis of stem cells: The saga of hair growth and alopecia

机译:干细胞稳态的多层环境调节:头发生长和脱发的传奇

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摘要

Stem cells are fascinating because of their potential in regenerative medicine. Stem cell homeostasis has been thought to be mainly regulated by signals from their adjacent micro-environment named the "stem cell niche" However, recent studies reveal that there can be multiple layers of environmental controls. Here we review these environmental controls using the paradigm of hair stem cells, because to observe and analyze the growth of hair is easier due to their characteristic cyclic regeneration pattern. The length of hair fibers is regulated by the duration of the growth period. In the hair follicles, hair stem cells located in the follicle bulge interact with signals from the dermal papilla. Outside of the follicle, activation of hair stem cells has been shown to be modulated by molecules released from the intra-dermal adipose tissue as well as body hormone status, immune function, neural activities, and aging. The general physiological status of an individual is further influenced by circadian rhythms and changing seasons. The interactive networks of these environmental factors provide new understanding on how stem cell homeostasis is regulated, inspiring new insights for regenerative medicine. Therapies do not necessarily have to be achieved by using stem cells themselves which may constitute a higher risk but by modulating stem cell activity through targeting one or multiple layers of their micro- and macro-environments.
机译:干细胞由于其在再生医学中的潜力而引人入胜。据认为,干细胞稳态主要受其邻近微环境中称为“干细胞小生境”的信号的调节。但是,最近的研究表明,可能存在多层环境控制。在这里,我们使用头发干细胞的范式来回顾这些环境控制,因为观察和分析头发的生长由于其特征性的循环再生模式而更加容易。毛发的长度由生长期的长短来调节。在毛囊中,位于毛囊隆起处的干细胞与来自真皮乳头的信号相互作用。已显示,在毛囊外部,真皮内脂肪组织释放的分子以及人体激素状态,免疫功能,神经活动和衰老可调节头发干细胞的活化。个体的一般生理状况还受到昼夜节律和季节变化的影响。这些环境因素的互动网络提供了关于干细胞稳态调节方式的新认识,从而激发了再生医学的新见识。不一定必须通过使用干细胞本身来实现治疗,而干细胞本身可能构成更高的风险,而是通过靶向其微观和宏观环境的一层或多层来调节干细胞活性。

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