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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of evolutionary biology >Investigating the production of sexual resting structures in a plant pathogen reveals unexpected self-fertility and genotype-by-environment effects
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Investigating the production of sexual resting structures in a plant pathogen reveals unexpected self-fertility and genotype-by-environment effects

机译：调查植物病原体中有性休息结构的产生显示出意想不到的自我繁殖和基因型环境效应

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The sexual stage of pathogens governs recombination patterns and often also provides means of surviving the off-season. Despite its importance for evolutionary potential and between-season epidemiology, sexual systems have not been carefully investigated for many important pathogens, and what generates variation in successful sexual reproduction of pathogens remains unexplored. We surveyed the sexually produced resting structures (chasmothecia) across 86 natural populations of fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis (Ascomycota) naturally infecting Plantago lanceolata in the ?land archipelago, southwestern Finland. For this pathosystem, these resting structures are a key life-history stage, as more than half of the local pathogen populations go extinct every winter. We uncovered substantial variation in the level of chasmothecia produced among populations, ranging from complete absence to presence on all infected leaves. We found that chasmothecia developed within clonal isolates (single-strain cultures). Additionally, these clonal isolates all contained both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes that characterize mating types in Ascomycetes. Hence, contrary to expectations, we conclude that this species is capable of haploid selfing. In controlled inoculations, we discovered that pathogen genotypes varied in their tendency to produce chasmothecia. Production of chasmothecia was also affected by ambient temperature (E) and by the interaction between temperature and pathogen genotype (G?×?E). These G, E and G?×?E effects found both at a European scale and within the ?land archipelago may partly explain the high variability observed among populations in chasmothecia levels. Consequently, they may be key drivers of the evolutionary potential and epidemiology of this highly dynamic pathosystem.
机译：病原体的性阶段控制重组模式，通常还提供了在淡季中生存的方法。尽管其对于进化潜力和季节间流行病学的重要性，但尚未对许多重要的病原体进行仔细的性系统研究，而致病菌成功进行有性繁殖的原因尚待探讨。我们调查了真菌感染的自然种群中86个自然种群的有性繁殖的休息结构（游走神经），这些自然病原菌自然感染了芬兰西南部陆地群岛的车前草。对于这种病理系统，这些静止的结构是生命史的关键阶段，因为每年冬天都有一半以上的当地病原体种群灭绝。我们发现人群中产生的chousmothecia的水平存在很大差异，从完全不存在到所有受感染叶片上的存在，不等。我们发现壁软化病在克隆分离株（单株培养）中发展。此外，这些克隆分离物均包含表征子囊菌交配类型的MAT1-1-1和MAT1-2-1基因。因此，与预期相反，我们得出结论，该物种能够进行单倍体自交。在控制接种中，我们发现病原体基因型在产生趋软性的趋势上各不相同。厚皮动物的产生还受到环境温度（E）以及温度和病原体基因型之间的相互作用（Gα×ΔE）的影响。在欧洲范围内和陆上群岛中发现的这些G，E和Gα×ΔE效应可能部分解释了在整皮动物水平上人们观察到的高变异性。因此，它们可能是这种高度动态的病理系统的进化潜力和流行病学的关键驱动力。

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