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The role of first impression in operant learning

机译：第一印象在操作学习中的作用

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We quantified the effect of first experience on behavior in operant learning and studied its underlying computational principles. To that goal, we analyzed more than 200,000 choices in a repeated-choice experiment. We found that the outcome of the first experience has a substantial and lasting effect on participants' subsequent behavior, which we term outcome primacy. We found that this outcome primacy can account for much of the underweighting of rare events, where participants apparently underestimate small probabilities. We modeled behavior in this task using a standard, model-free reinforcement learning algorithm. In this model, the values of the different actions are learned over time and are used to determine the next action according to a predefined action-selection rule. We used a novel nonparametric method to characterize this action-selection rule and showed that the substantial effect of first experience on behavior is consistent with the reinforcement learning model if we assume that the outcome of first experience resets the values of the experienced actions, but not if we assume arbitrary initial conditions. Moreover, the predictive power of our resetting model outperforms previously published models regarding the aggregate choice behavior. These findings suggest that first experience has a disproportionately large effect on subsequent actions, similar to primacy effects in other fields of cognitive psychology. The mechanism of resetting of the initial conditions that underlies outcome primacy may thus also account for other forms of primacy.
机译：我们量化了初次体验对操作学习行为的影响，并研究了其基本的计算原理。为了达到这个目标，我们在重复选择实验中分析了200,000多个选择。我们发现，初次体验的结果对参与者的后续行为具有重大而持久的影响，我们将其称为结果优先。我们发现，这种结果优先性可以解决罕见事件的权重降低问题，在这种情况下，参与者显然低估了小概率。我们使用标准的，无模型的强化学习算法为该任务中的行为建模。在此模型中，随着时间的流逝学习不同动作的值，并根据预定义的动作选择规则将其用于确定下一个动作。我们使用一种新颖的非参数方法来刻画该动作选择规则，并表明如果我们假设首次体验的结果会重置体验到的动作的价值，则首次体验对行为的实质影响与强化学习模型是一致的。如果我们假设任意初始条件。此外，我们的重置模型的预测能力优于先前发布的关于总体选择行为的模型。这些发现表明，初次体验对后续行为的影响特别大，类似于认知心理学其他领域的首要效应。因此，作为结果优先权基础的初始条件的重置机制也可以解释其他形式的优先权。

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