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Gene duplication as a major force in evolution

机译：基因复制是进化的主要力量

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Gene duplication is an important mechanism for acquiring new genes and creating genetic novelty in organisms. Many new gene functions have evolved through gene duplication and it has contributed tremendously to the evolution of developmental programmes in various organisms. Gene duplication can result from unequal crossing over, retroposition or chromosomal (or genome) duplication. Understanding the mechanisms that generate duplicate gene copies and the subsequent dynamics among gene duplicates is vital because these investigations shed light on localized and genomewide aspects of evolutionary forces shaping intra-specific and inter-specific genome contents, evolutionary relationships, and interactions. Based on whole-genome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, there is compelling evidence that angiosperms underwent two whole-genome duplication events early during their evolutionary history. Recent studies have shown that these events were crucial for creation of many important developmental and regulatory genes found in extant angiosperm genomes. Recent studies also provide strong indications that even yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with its compact genome, is in fact an ancient tetraploid. Gene duplication can provide new genetic material for mutation, drift and selection to act upon, the result of which is specialized or new gene functions. Without gene duplication the plasticity of a genome or species in adapting to changing environments would be severely limited. Whether a duplicate is retained depends upon its function, its mode of duplication, (i.e. whether it was duplicated during a whole-genome duplication event), the species in which it occurs, and its expression rate. The exaptation of preexisting secondary functions is an important feature in gene evolution, just as it is in morphological evolution.
机译：基因复制是获取新基因并在生物体中创造遗传新颖性的重要机制。许多新的基因功能通过基因复制而进化，并为各种生物中的发育程序的进化做出了巨大贡献。基因复制可以由不相等的交叉，逆转录或染色体（或基因组）复制引起。了解产生重复的基因拷贝的机制以及随后的基因重复之间的动力学是至关重要的，因为这些研究揭示了形成种内和种间基因组内容，进化关系和相互作用的进化力的局部和全基因组方面。根据拟南芥的全基因组分析，有力的证据表明被子植物在其进化史的早期经历了两次全基因组复制事件。最近的研究表明，这些事件对于在现存被子植物基因组中发现的许多重要发育和调控基因的产生至关重要。最近的研究也提供了强有力的迹象，表明即使是具有紧凑基因组的酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）实际上也是古老的四倍体。基因复制可以为突变，漂移和选择提供新的遗传材料，以使其起作用，其结果是特定的或新的基因功能。没有基因复制，基因组或物种在适应不断变化的环境中的可塑性将受到严重限制。是否保留重复项取决于其功能，其重复模式（即是否在全基因组复制事件中重复），发生的种类及其表达率。就像在形态进化中一样，保留先前存在的次要功能是基因进化中的重要特征。

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