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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of genetics >Potential constraints on evolution: sexual dimorphism and the problem of protandry in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
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Potential constraints on evolution: sexual dimorphism and the problem of protandry in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana

机译：进化的潜在限制：蝴蝶Bicyclus anynana的性二态性和protandry问题

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The earlier mean adult emergence between males and females, protandry, has been well studied mathematically and in comparative studies. However, quantitative and evolutionary genetic research on protandry is scarce. The butterfly, Bicyclus anynana exhibits protandry and here we selected for each of the different combinations of male and female development time in this species, thus including direct selection on protandry (i.e., FAST, fast males and fast females; SLOW, slow males and slow females; FMSF, fast males and slow females; and SMFF, slow males and fast females). After eight generations of selection there was no significant response for increased or decreased protandry, whereas selection for increased or decreased development time in both sexes (FAST or SLOW) was successful. Continued selection (> 30 generations) for decreased or increased protandry showed a significant difference between the FMSFC and SMFFC lines (subscript c for continued selection), which was of the same magnitude as the nonsignificant difference observed between the FMSF and SMFF lines at generation eight. This indicated that the initial selection was successful, but that the difference between the lines did not increase with continued selection. Our results also indicate that the genetic covariance across sexes for development time is near unity. Interestingly, lines selected for decreased protandry (SMFF) had lower egg-to-adult survival, and broods from these lines had lower rates of egg hatching. This suggests that interactions with fertility might constrain certain directions of change in patterns of protandry. Moreover, selection yielded a change in the ratio of male to female development time for slow lines, suggesting that some amount of sex-specific genetic variance for development time is still present in this population. The FMSFC line showed the largest effect of selection on protandry, mainly through an effect on female developmental time. Lastly, our results show that temperature has an effect on the amount of protandry in the selected lines. These results are discussed in relation to the ecology of this species and the evolution of protandry.
机译：在数学上和比较研究中，对男性和女性之间较早的成年人平均出没率进行了研究。但是，关于protandry的定量和进化遗传研究很少。蝴蝶Bicyclus anynana表现出protandry，在这里我们选择了该物种中雄性和雌性发育时间的每种不同组合，因此包括对protandry的直接选择（即FAST，快雄和快雌;慢，慢雄和慢雄）。女性; FMSF，快男和慢女; SMFF，慢男和快女）。经过八代的选择，对脯氨酸的增加或减少没有明显的反应，而对于两种性别（快速或慢速）的发育时间增加或减少的选择都是成功的。连续选择（> 30代）以减少或增加脯氨酸显示FMSFC和SMFFC品系之间存在显着差异（连续选择下标c），其大小与第八代FMSF和SMFF品系之间观察到的无显着差异相同。这表明初始选择是成功的，但是行之间的差异不会随着继续选择而增加。我们的结果还表明，跨性别的发育时间的遗传协方差接近统一。有趣的是，选择用于降低protandry（SMFF）的品系具有较低的卵到成虫存活率，而来自这些品系的亲代具有较低的卵孵化率。这表明，与生育力的相互作用可能会限制protandry模式变化的某些方向。此外，选择导致慢品系的雄性与雌性发育时间的比率发生变化，这表明该种群中仍存在一定数量的性别特定的发育时间遗传变异。 FMSFC系显示出对脯氨酸选择的最大影响，主要是通过对雌性发育时间的影响。最后，我们的结果表明温度对所选品系中脯氨酸的含量有影响。讨论了与该物种的生态学和脯氨酸进化有关的这些结果。

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