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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology >Two decades of exposure assessment studies on chromate production waste in Jersey City, New Jersey - What we have learned about exposure characterization and its value to public health and remediation
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Two decades of exposure assessment studies on chromate production waste in Jersey City, New Jersey - What we have learned about exposure characterization and its value to public health and remediation

机译：新泽西州泽西市关于铬酸盐生产废料的暴露评估研究长达二十年-我们了解到的暴露特性及其对公共卫生和补救的价值

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During much of the twentieth century, Jersey City, New Jersey was the leading center of chromate production in the United States. Chromate production produced huge volumes of chromium ore-processing residue containing many parts per million of hexavalent chromium. Starting in the 1990s, we undertook a series of studies to identify exposed populations, sources and pathways of exposure and the effectiveness of remediation activities in Jersey City. These studies revealed the effectiveness and success of the remediation activities. The sequence of studies presented here, builds on the lessons learned from each preceding study and illustrates how these studies advanced the field of exposure science in important ways, including the use of household dust as a measure of exposure to contaminants originating in the outdoor environment; development of effective and reproducible dust sampling; use of household dust to track temporal changes in exposure; understanding of the spatial relationship between sources of passive outdoor particulate emissions and residential exposure; use of focused biomonitoring to assess exposure under conditions of large inter-individual variability; and utility of linking environmental monitoring and biomonitoring. For chromium, the studies have demonstrated the use of Cr +6 -specific analytical methods for measuring low concentrations of Cr +6 in household dust and understanding of the occurrence of Cr +6 in the background residential environment. We strongly recommend that environmental and public health agencies evaluate sites for their potential for off-site exposure and apply these tools in cases with significant potential as appropriate. This approach is especially important when contamination is widespread and/or a large population is potentially exposed. In such cases, these tools should be used to identify, characterize and then reduce the exposure to the off-site as well as on-site population. Importantly, these tools can be used in a demonstrable and quantifiable manner to provide both clarity and closure to concerned stakeholders. ? 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
机译：在20世纪的大部分时间里，新泽西州的泽西市是美国铬酸盐生产的主要中心。铬酸盐的生产产生了大量的铬矿石加工残留物，其中含有百万分之六的六价铬。从1990年代开始，我们进行了一系列研究，以确定泽西市的暴露人群，暴露源和途径以及补救活动的有效性。这些研究揭示了补救活动的有效性和成功。这里介绍的研究顺序以从先前的每项研究中吸取的经验教训为基础，并说明了这些研究如何以重要方式推动了接触科学领域的发展，包括利用家庭灰尘作为衡量暴露于室外环境污染物的一种方法;发展有效和可重复的粉尘采样;使用家庭灰尘追踪暴露的时间变化;了解被动室外颗粒物排放源与住宅暴露之间的空间关系;在个体间差异较大的情况下，使用有针对性的生物监测方法来评估暴露程度;链接环境监测和生物监测的实用程序。对于铬，研究表明使用特定于Cr +6的分析方法测量家庭灰尘中的低浓度Cr +6，并了解背景居民环境中Cr +6的发生。我们强烈建议环境和公共卫生机构评估场所在场外暴露的可能性，并在适当的情况下将其应用于潜在的重大事件。当污染普遍存在和/或可能有大量人口暴露时，这种方法尤其重要。在这种情况下，应使用这些工具来识别，表征然后减少暴露于异地及现场的人口。重要的是，可以以可证明和可量化的方式使用这些工具，以向相关的利益相关者提供清晰性和封闭性。 ？ 2013 Nature America，Inc.保留所有权利。

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