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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of health communication >Health and human rights principles and standards in the provision of contraception
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Health and human rights principles and standards in the provision of contraception

机译：提供避孕措施的健康和人权原则与标准

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There is a global epidemic of unintended pregnancy, with profound consequences for women, their families, and their communities. As of 2012, 222 million women were estimated to have an unmet need for modern contraception, and the need is greatest where the risks of maternal mortality are highest (Singh & Darroch, 2012). In the least developed countries, 6 out of 10 women who do not want to get pregnant, or who want to delay the next pregnancy, are not using a modern method of contraception (Singh & Darroch, 2012).Unequal and inequitable access to modern contraception has significant health risks. Women with unintended pregnancies that are continued to term are more likely to receive inadequate or delayed prenatal care and to have poorer health outcomes, such as infants with low birth weight, infant mortality, and maternal mortality and morbidity (Dehlendorf, Rodriguez, Levy, Borrero, & Steinauer, 2009). Providing access to all women in developing countries who currently have an unmet need for modern methods of contraception would prevent 54 million unintended pregnancies, 26 million abortions (of which 16 million are unsafe) and 7 million miscarriages; this would also prevent 79,000 maternal deaths and 1.1 million infant deaths (Singh & Darroch, 2012).Rapid scale-up of sexual and reproductive health information and services, including contraception, is essential to preventing morbidity and mortality and meeting international goals for health and development. Contraception is also fundamental to the realization of human rights (World Health Organization, 2014). International and national legal instruments and human rights bodies recognize the importance of contraceptive information and services to the realization of human rights, including the right to non-discrimination, the right to life, survival, and development, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and the rights to education and to information (World Health Organization, 2014). A major gain since the International Conference of Population and Development's landmark Programme of Action in 1994 has been the recognition of reproductive rights in laws and constitutions and a series of landmark judgments at the national and international levels in relation to sexual and reproductive health.
机译：全球流行着意外怀孕，这对妇女，她们的家庭和社区产生了深远的影响。截止2012年，估计有2.22亿妇女对现代避孕方法的需求尚未得到满足，在孕产妇死亡风险最高的情况下，这一需求最大（Singh＆Darroch，2012）。在最不发达国家中，十分之一的不想怀孕或不想再推迟下一次怀孕的妇女都没有采用现代避孕方法（Singh＆Darroch，2012）。避孕具有重大的健康风险。持续怀孕的妇女更有可能获得不足或延迟的产前护理，并且健康状况较差，例如低体重，婴儿死亡率以及产妇死亡率和发病率的婴儿（Dehlendorf，Rodriguez，Levy，Borrero ，＆Steinauer，2009）。为发展中国家目前尚无现代避孕方法需求的所有妇女提供服务，将预防5400万例意外怀孕，2600万例堕胎（其中1600万例是不安全的）和700万例流产;这也将防止79,000名孕产妇死亡和110万婴儿死亡（Singh＆Darroch，2012）。迅速扩大包括避孕在内的性健康和生殖健康信息和服务，对于预防发病率和死亡率以及实现国际卫生和卫生目标至关重要。发展。避孕也是实现人权的基础（世界卫生组织，2014）。国际和国家法律文书和人权机构认识到避孕信息和服务对实现人权的重要性，包括不歧视权，生命权，生存权和发展权，获得最高可实现标准的权利。健康，受教育权和知情权（世界卫生组织，2014年）。自1994年国际人口与发展会议具有里程碑意义的《行动纲领》以来，一项重大成就是承认了法律和宪法中的生殖权利，并在国家和国际一级对性健康和生殖健康做出了一系列里程碑式的判决。

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