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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences >AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2, CH4, N2O, AND CO AND THE CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPIC RATIOS OF CO2 IN THE TROPOSPHERE OVER RUSSIA
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AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2, CH4, N2O, AND CO AND THE CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPIC RATIOS OF CO2 IN THE TROPOSPHERE OVER RUSSIA

机译：俄罗斯对流层中CO2，CH4，N2O和CO浓度的飞机测量以及CO2的碳氧同位素比

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About 370 air samples were collected using aircraft in the troposphere over Russia in the summers of 1992, 1993, and 1994. These were then analyzed for the CO2, CH4, N2O and CO concentrations, as well as for delta(13)C and delta(18)O of CO2. Measured vertical profiles of tropospheric CO2 showed that the concentration increased with height over all locations. In the lower troposphere over the wetland and taiga regions, extremely low CO2 concentrations of 335-345 parts per million by volume (ppmv) were often observed. Measured values of delta(13)C and the CO2 concentration were negatively correlated with each other, the rate of change in delta(13)C with respect to the CO2 concentration being about -0.05 parts per thousand/ppmv. This implies that the variations in the CO2 concentration observed over Russia in the summer are primarily caused by terrestrial biospheric activities. In the middle and upper troposphere, the CO2 concentration and delta(13)C showed systematic differences between each other in 1992, 1993, and 1994, probably due to their secular changes. The delta(18)O and CO2 observed in the lowest part of the troposphere over east and west Siberia were also negatively correlated with each other, with the rate of change in delta(18)O with respect to CO2 estimated to be about -0.11 parts per thousand/ppmv. This relation may be caused by isotopic equilibrium of oxygen in CO2 with soil water through respiration of living plants and decomposition of organic matter and with chloroplast water in leaves through photosynthesis of living plants. In contrast to CO2, the CH4 concentration decreased with height. Extremely high CH4 concentrations were observed over the west Siberian lowland, owing to a large amount of CH4 emitted from wetlands. The N2O concentrations were fairly constant through the troposphere over all locations covered by this study, with an average value of about 311 parts per billion by volume(ppbv). The CO concentrations also showed vertical profiles, with a small gradient over natural wetlands, taiga, and tundra. High values of the CH4, CO, and CO2 concentrations were observed over Moscow, owing to emissions of the respective gases by human activities in an urban area. It was also found that over natural wetlands and tundra the CO2 and CH4 concentrations were negatively correlated with each other, reflecting a strong biospheric CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions from wetlands. The relationship between the CH4 and CO concentrations was strongly positive over areas with their anthropogenic and natural sources; the relationship was only slightly positive over wetlands, possibly due to CO emissions from wetlands and/or photochemically produced CO. [References: 85]
机译：在1992年，1993年和1994年夏季，使用飞机在俄罗斯对流层中收集了大约370个空气样本。然后分析了这些样本的CO2，CH4，N2O和CO浓度，以及delta（13）C和delta （18）O 2的二氧化碳。测得的对流层CO2垂直剖面表明，在所有位置，浓度随高度增加而增加。在湿地和针叶林地区的对流层低层，经常观察到极低的二氧化碳浓度，即每百万体积335-345（ppmv）。 δ（13）C的测量值与CO2浓度彼此负相关，delta（13）C相对于CO2浓度的变化率约为-0.05千分之一/ ppmv。这意味着夏季在俄罗斯各地观测到的CO2浓度变化主要是由陆地生物圈活动引起的。在对流层中部和上部，CO2浓度和delta（13）C在1992年，1993年和1994年之间显示出系统的差异，这可能是由于它们的长期变化所致。在西伯利亚东部和西部对流层最低处观测到的delta（18）O和CO2也彼此呈负相关，据估计，delta（18）O相对于CO2的变化率约为-0.11每百万分之一/ ppmv。这种关系可能是由于通过活植物的呼吸作用与土壤中的水分与有机碳的分解以及通过植物的光合作用而分解了叶片中的叶绿体水与二氧化碳中的氧的同位素平衡引起的。与CO2相反，CH4浓度随高度降低。西伯利亚西部低地上观测到极高的CH4浓度，这是由于湿地排放了大量CH4。在本研究覆盖的所有位置上，整个对流层中的N2O浓度都相当恒定，平均值约为十亿分之十亿（ppbv）。一氧化碳浓度也显示出垂直分布，在自然湿地，针叶林和苔原上的梯度很小。由于市区内人类活动所排放的各种气体，莫斯科上空观测到的CH4，CO和CO2浓度很高。还发现在天然湿地和冻原上，CO2和CH4浓度彼此负相关，反映了生物圈对CO2的强烈吸收和湿地CH4的排放。在具有人为和自然来源的地区，CH4和CO浓度之间的关系非常强。这种关系在湿地上只是轻微的正相关，这可能是由于湿地的CO排放和/或光化学产生的CO。[参考：85]

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