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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of hydrometeorology >Evaluation of Incremental Improvements to Quantitative Precipitation Estimates in Complex Terrain
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Evaluation of Incremental Improvements to Quantitative Precipitation Estimates in Complex Terrain

机译：复杂地形定量降水估算增量改进的评估

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Advanced remote sensing and in situ observing systems employed during the Hydrometeorological Testbed experiment on the American River basin near Sacramento, California, provided a unique opportunity to evaluate correction procedures applied to gap-filling, experimental radar precipitation products in complex terrain. The evaluation highlighted improvements in hourly radar rainfall estimation due to optimizing the parameters in the reflectivity-to-rainfall (Z-R) relation, correcting for the range dependence in estimating R due to the vertical variability in Z in snow and melting-layer regions, and improving low-altitude radar coverage by merging rainfall estimates from two research radars operating at different frequencies and polarization states. This evaluation revealed that although the rainfall product from research radars provided the smallest bias relative to gauge estimates, in terms of the root-mean-square error (with the bias removed) and Pearson correlation coefficient it did not outperform the product from a nearby operational radar that used optimized Z-R relations and was corrected for range dependence. This result was attributed to better low-altitude radar coverage with the operational radar over the upper part of the basin. In these regions, the data from the X-band research radar were not available and the C-band research radar was forced to use higher-elevation angles as a result of nearby terrain and tree blockages, which yielded greater uncertainty in surface rainfall estimates. This study highlights the challenges in siting experimental radars in complex terrain. Last, the corrections developed for research radar products were adapted and applied to an operational radar, thus providing a simple transfer of research findings to operational rainfall products yielding significantly improved skill.
机译：在加利福尼亚州萨克拉曼多附近的美国河流域进行的水文气象试验台实验中使用的先进的遥感和原位观测系统，为评估适用于在复杂地形中填补空白的实验性雷达降水产品的校正程序提供了独特的机会。该评估着重指出，由于优化了反射率与降雨（ZR）关系中的参数，校正了由于在雪和融化层区域中Z的垂直变化而导致的估计R的范围依赖性，从而改进了每小时雷达降雨量的估算;以及通过合并两个以不同频率和极化状态运行的研究雷达的降雨估计，改善低空雷达的覆盖范围。该评估表明，尽管研究雷达的降雨产品相对于标尺估计值提供了最小的偏差，但就均方根误差（消除了偏差）和皮尔逊相关系数而言，它并没有比附近的运行产品好。雷达使用优化的ZR关系并针对距离相关性进行了校正。该结果归因于在流域上部使用了运行雷达的低空雷达更好的覆盖范围。在这些地区，由于无法获得X波段研究雷达的数据，并且C波段研究雷达由于附近的地形和树木阻塞而被迫使用更高的仰角，这在地表降雨估计中产生了更大的不确定性。这项研究突出了在复杂地形中放置实验雷达的挑战。最后，针对研究雷达产品开发的校正方法被改编并应用于运行雷达，从而将研究结果简单地转移到运行降雨产品中，从而显着提高了技能。

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