Respiration of resting honeybees

Kovac H; Stabentheiner A; Hetz SK; Petz M; Crailsheim K

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Respiration of resting honeybees

机译：静息蜜蜂的呼吸

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The relation between the respiratory activity of resting honeybees and ambient temperature (T(a)) was investigated in the range of 5-40 degrees C. Bees were kept in a temperature controlled flow through respirometer chamber where their locomotor and endothermic activity, as well as abdominal ventilatory movements was recorded by infrared thermography. Surprisingly, true resting bees were often weakly endothermic (thorax surface up to 2.8 degrees C warmer than abdomen) at a T(a) of 14-30 degrees C. Above 33 degrees C many bees cooled their body via evaporation from their mouthparts. A novel mathematical model allows description of the relationship of resting (standard) metabolic rate and temperature across the entire functional temperature range of bees. In chill coma (<11 degrees C) bees were ectothermic and CO(2) release was mostly continuous. CO(2) release rate (nls(-1)) decreased from 9.3 at 9.7 degrees C to 5.4 at 5 degrees C. At a T(a) of >11 degrees C CO(2) was released discontinuously. In the bees' active temperature range mean CO(2) production rate (nls(-1)) increased sigmoidally (10.6 at 14.1 degrees C, 24.1 at 26.5 degrees C, and 55.2 at 38.1 degrees C), coming to a halt towards the upper lethal temperature. This was primarily accomplished by an exponential increase in gas exchange frequency (0.54 and 3.1 breaths min(-1) at 14.1 and 38.1 degrees C) but not in released CO(2) volume per respiratory cycle (1487 and 1083 nl cycle(-1) at 14.1 and 38.1 degrees C). Emission of CO(2) bursts was mostly (98%) accompanied by abdominal ventilation movements even in small CO(2) bursts. Larger bursts coincided with a longer duration of active ventilation. An increased amount of CO(2) expelled per unit time of ventilation indicates a higher efficiency of ventilation at high ambient temperatures.

机译：在5-40摄氏度的范围内研究了静息蜜蜂的呼吸活动与环境温度（T（a））之间的关系。蜜蜂通过呼吸计室保持在温度受控的流动中，在那里它们的运动和吸热活动也得以通过。因为通过红外热像仪记录了腹部通气运动。出乎意料的是，真正的静息蜜蜂通常在14-30摄氏度的T（a）时具有较弱的吸热性（胸部温度比腹部高2.8摄氏度）。33摄氏度以上，许多蜜蜂通过口器的蒸发使它们的身体冷却。新颖的数学模型可以描述蜜蜂整个功能温度范围内静止（标准）代谢率和温度之间的关系。在寒冷的昏迷（<11摄氏度）中，蜜蜂是放热的，并且CO（2）的释放大部分是连续的。 CO（2）释放速率（nls（-1））从9.7摄氏度下的9.3降至5摄氏度下的5.4。在T（a）> 11摄氏度时，CO（2）连续释放。在蜜蜂的活动温度范围内，平均CO（2）产生速率（nls（-1））呈S形增加（在14.1摄氏度下为10.6，在26.5摄氏度下为24.1，在38.1摄氏度下为55.2），逐渐停止。最高致死温度。这主要是通过气体交换频率（在14.1和38.1摄氏度下，气体交换频率（0.54和3.1呼吸min（-1））呈指数增加而实现的，但没有达到每个呼吸周期（1487和1083 nl周期（-1）的释放的CO（2）量））在14.1和38.1摄氏度）。即使在小的CO（2）阵发中，CO（2）阵发的排放大部分（98％）伴随腹部通气运动。较大的爆发与较长的主动通气时间相吻合。每单位通风时间排出的CO（2）量增加，表明在较高的环境温度下通风效率更高。

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《Journal of Insect Physiology》 |2007年第12期|共12页
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Kovac H; Stabentheiner A; Hetz SK; Petz M; Crailsheim K;
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中图分类昆虫生理学;
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1. Respiration of resting honeybees [J] . Kovac H, Stabentheiner A, Hetz SK, Journal of Insect Physiology . 2007,第12期

机译：静息蜜蜂的呼吸
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4. Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest [C] . Mi-sun Lee, Kaneyuki Nakane, Takayuki Nakatsubo, Symposium of the International Society of Root Research . 2003

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5. Controls on Autotrophic Respiration, Heterotrophic Respiration, and Decomposition in Northern Forested Rivers [D] . Schipper, Renn. 2021

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6. Respiration of resting honeybees [O] . Helmut Kovac, Anton Stabentheiner, Stefan K. Hetz, -1

机译：静息蜜蜂的呼吸
7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

机译：与产热香芋百合（Philodendron solimoesense）授粉生物学相关的动态圣甲虫（Cyclocephala colasi）吸热：Cyclocephala colasi甲虫是兼性吸热体，它们大部分成年生活都在Philodendron solimoesense的花序中，其平均温度（Ta）由于花的生热作用，温度约为28°C。在Ta范围内的呼吸测量表明，活跃的甲虫在Ta低于28°C时会自发吸热，而在Ta高于28°C时很少吸热。在花序中没有吸热的迹象，表明花室中的活动可以在没有高的吸热能量消耗的情况下发生。吸热的爆发主要发生在晚上，当昆虫通常从一个花序飞到另一个花序时，以及在晚上，它们通常在花序中进食并交配时，在呼吸计室的较低Ta处发生。在非飞行甲虫中通过呼吸测定法和红外热成像研究了单个发作中的吸热模式。伴随着胸温（Tth）升高的呼吸振荡波在胸腔中产生热量。固定甲虫可以在约33°C的温度下调节Tth，而与Ta在16至29°C之间的温度无关。在Ta20°C下，这表示其代谢速率比静止的，等温的升高116倍。吸热显然是飞行的要求，离开花序的甲虫在起飞前会升温到约30°C。在飞行过程中，Tth取决于Ta，在Ta从37降至20°C时，Tth分别从37°C降至28°C。可能发生飞行的最低Ta约为20°C。固定的，吸热的甲虫的热导率以较高的代谢率增加，这可能是由于通风热损失增加所致。

Respiration of resting honeybees

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