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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Avian Biology >Fitness consequences of timing of breeding in birds: date effects in the course of a reproductive episode
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Fitness consequences of timing of breeding in birds: date effects in the course of a reproductive episode

机译：鸟类繁殖时机对健康的影响：生殖过程中的日期效应

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摘要

In seasonal environments, avian reproductive performance almost generally declines in the course of the season. Quantifying the associated fitness consequences of timing of breeding, i.e. of date-related factors, is important for understanding the evolution of temporal patterns in avian life-histories and for predicting consequences of climate change. The seasonal decline can also be caused by an effect of parental quality: individuals with high phenotypic quality may breed early. The results of existing experimental studies investigating whether date or quality effects cause the seasonal decline are inconsistent, indicating that both mechanisms might be involved. However, it remains unclear to what extent the confounding effect of quality occurs and what the fitness consequences of timing per se over a whole breeding episode are. In a cross-fostering experiment using the barn swallows' second broods we evaluated the causes for the seasonal decline in reproductive performance for three distinct periods of a reproductive attempt, the early nestling period, the late nestling period and the post-fledging period, and we assessed the overall fitness consequences of timing per se. A seasonal decline in juvenile feather growth rate was mainly due to date effects in the late nestling period, although we determined quality effects during early nestling development. Date effects on survival were present in the post-fledging period, but not in the nestling period. The decline in feather length due to date effects in the nestling period accounted for 9% of the seasonal decline in post-fledging survival, whereas date effects arising only in the post-fledging period caused 91% of the decline. These results suggest that date effects increase in the course of a reproductive episode. Thus, the benefits of an early timing of breeding can be quantified only when considering also the post-fledging period. We suggest that the timing of breeding evolved through a trade-off between date-related benefits and quality-related costs of early breeding.
机译：在季节性环境中，禽类的繁殖性能通常会在整个季节中下降。量化育种时间（即与日期相关的因素）的相关适应性后果，对于理解禽类生命历史中时间模式的演变以及预测气候变化的后果非常重要。季节性下降也可能是由父母素质的影响引起的：具有高表型素质的人可能会早育。现有的调查日期或质量影响是否导致季节下降的实验研究结果不一致，表明这两种机制都可能涉及。然而，目前尚不清楚质量在多大程度上产生混杂的影响，以及整个繁殖过程中时间本身的适应性后果如何。在一项使用燕子第二窝的交叉寄养实验中，我们评估了在三个不同的生殖尝试时期，早期的筑巢期，早期的筑巢期和成年后的繁殖期，繁殖性能季节性下降的原因，以及我们评估了计时本身的总体适应性后果。尽管我们确定了雏鸟早期发育过程中的质量影响，但幼龄羽毛生长率的季节性下降主要是由于雏鸟后期的日期效应。日期对生存的影响出现在后雏期，而在雏鸟期则没有。雏期由于日期效应而导致的羽毛长度下降占出雏后生存期季节性下降的9％，而仅出雏后时期引起的枣效应引起下降91％。这些结果表明，日期效应在生殖过程中增加。因此，只有在考虑到出雏后的时期，才能量化早期繁殖的好处。我们建议，育种的时机是通过在早期育种的日期相关收益与质量相关成本之间进行权衡而演变的。

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