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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Avian Biology >Plasticity of brood patch development and its influence on incubationperiods in the yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes: anexperimental approach
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Plasticity of brood patch development and its influence on incubationperiods in the yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes: anexperimental approach

机译：黄眼企鹅Megadyptes对虾的育雏斑发育可塑性及其对潜伏期的影响：一种实验方法

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摘要

In many bird species, eggs laid late in the laying period hatch after a shorter incubation period than early-laid eggs. However, the mechanisms that explain these seasonal declines in incubation periods among clutches remain poorly understood. In this study we investigated the plasticity of brood patch development during incubation in yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes and established whether differences exist in brood patch formation among early, mean and late-breeding penguins. We also examined whether brood patch development was influenced by sex and age of birds. We then placed an artificial egg in nests a few days prior to egg laying to investigate whether the presence of an egg influences brood patch development and whether an advanced brood patch development at the time of egg laying causes declines in incubation periods. Initial brood patch width on the day the first egg was laid was dependent on sex and age, while the development of brood patch width after first egg laying was slower in early-laying birds than in mean- and late-laying birds. Initial brood patch temperature as well as temperature throughout incubation was largely dependent upon sex, whereby males had higher brood patch surface temperatures than females. Placement of an artificial egg in nests stimulated successfully brood patch development in manipulated birds, so that by the time they laid their own first egg, their brood patches were wider and had higher temperatures than those of control birds. Moreover, incubation periods of first eggs from manipulated nests were significantly shorter (43.5 days) than were those from control nests (47.3 days). Thus, variation in brood patch development and related differences in incubation temperature during early incubation could contribute to seasonal declines in incubation periods.
机译：在许多鸟类中，在孵化期较晚孵化更短的卵在孵化期后孵化。但是，对于解释这些离合器孵化期的季节性下降的机制仍然知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们调查了黄眼企鹅Megadyptes对立体在孵化过程中育雏斑块发育的可塑性，并确定了早，中，后期繁殖企鹅在育雏斑块形成方面是否存在差异。我们还检查了母鸡斑块的发育是否受到鸟的性别和年龄的影响。然后，我们在产卵前几天在巢中放置一个人工卵，以调查卵的存在是否会影响育雏斑的发育，以及产卵时晚期育雏斑的发育是否会导致孵化期下降。产下第一只卵的当天初生雏斑宽度取决于性别和年龄，而早产蛋的初生雏卵宽度慢于中等和后期产蛋。初始育雏贴片的温度以及整个孵化过程的温度在很大程度上取决于性别，因此雄性育雏贴片的表面温度高于雌性。在巢中放置人工卵可成功刺激被操纵禽类的亲鱼斑块发育，因此，当他们产下第一个卵时，它们的亲鱼斑块较对照组鸟更宽且温度更高。此外，来自操纵巢的第一个卵的孵化期（43.5天）明显比来自控制巢的第47.3天。因此，早期孵化过程中育雏斑块发育的变化以及相关的孵化温度差异可能会导致孵化期的季节性下降。

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