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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of neuroscience, psychology, and economics >Competitive Behavior: Tests of the N-Effect and Proximity to a Standard
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Competitive Behavior: Tests of the N-Effect and Proximity to a Standard

机译：竞争行为：N效应和接近标准的检验

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摘要

Previous research establishes that: (a) individuals behave more competitively when they perceive themselves to be close to a reference standard (i.e., proximity to a standard); (b) individuals behave more competitively when the number of competitors is small (i.e., the n-effect); and (c) men compete more intensely than women in tournament competitions. This article seeks to test the robustness of these results. To do this, we construct four versions of a survey instrument (i.e., a 2 X 2 design). The instrument varies the number of competitors and the individual's proximity to a standard. The instrument tests the robustness of the results by asking respondents to make decision about effort (rather than a distribution) and allows the impact of competitive decisions on other competitors to vary inversely with the number of competitors. Across the entire sample, respondents in proximity to the standard show more competitive behavior. However, this effect is due entirely to changes in the behavior of men. Finally, we find that the n-effect is not robust when competitive behavior has an impact on others.
机译：先前的研究表明：（a）当个人认为自己接近参考标准（即接近标准）时，其行为会更具竞争性; （b）当竞争者人数较少（即n效应）时，个人的竞争行为会更为激烈; （c）在锦标赛中，男子比女子竞争更激烈。本文旨在测试这些结果的鲁棒性。为此，我们构建了四个版本的调查工具（即2 X 2设计）。该工具会改变竞争者的数量以及个人对标准的接近程度。该工具通过要求受访者做出有关努力（而不是分配）的决定来测试结果的鲁棒性，并使竞争性决定对其他竞争者的影响与竞争者数量成反比。在整个样本中，接近标准的受访者表现出更多的竞争行为。但是，这种效果完全是由于男性行为的改变所致。最后，我们发现当竞争行为对他人产生影响时，n效应并不稳健。

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