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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of psychopharmacology >The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview.
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The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview.

机译：休闲摇头丸/摇头丸使用者中使用多种药物的混杂问题：简要概述。

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摘要

The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine -- MDMA) is neurotoxic upon central serotonergic neurons in laboratory animals and possibly also in humans. In recent years, several studies reported alterations of serotonergic transmission and neuropsychiatric abnormalities in ecstasy users which might be related to MDMA-induced neurotoxic brain damage. To date, the most consistent findings associate subtle cognitive, particularly memory, deficits with heavy ecstasy use. However, most studies have important inherent methodological problems. One of the most serious confounds is the widespread pattern of polydrug use which makes it dif.cult to relate the findings in user populations to one specific drug. The present paper represents a brief overview on this issue. The most commonly co-used substances are alcohol, cannabis and stimulants (amphetamines and cocaine). Stimulants are also neurotoxic upon both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. Hence, they may act synergistically with MDMAand enhance its long-term adverse effects. The interactions between MDMA and cannabis use may be more complex: cannabis use is a well-recognized risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders and it was shown to contribute to psychological problems and cognitive failures in ecstasy users. However, at the cellular level, cannabinoids have neuroprotective actions and they were shown to (partially) block MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals. In future, longitudinal and prospective research designs should hopefully lead to a better understanding of the relation between drug use and subclinical psychological symptoms or neurocognitive failures and, also, of questions around interactions between the various substances of abuse.
机译：流行的跳舞药摇头丸（3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺-MDMA）对实验动物甚至人类的中枢血清素神经元具有神经毒性。近年来，几项研究报道了摇头丸使用者的血清素能传递和神经精神异常的改变，这可能与摇头丸引起的神经毒性脑损伤有关。迄今为止，最一致的发现将微妙的认知能力（尤其是记忆力）缺陷与大量使用摇头丸联系起来。但是，大多数研究都有重要的内在方法论问题。最严重的混淆之一是多药使用的广泛模式，这使得很难将使用者人群中的发现与一种特定药物联系起来。本文是对此问题的简要概述。最常用的物质是酒精，大麻和兴奋剂（安非他命和可卡因）。刺激剂对血清素能神经元和多巴胺能神经元也具有神经毒性。因此，它们可能与MDMA协同作用并增强其长期不利影响。摇头丸与大麻使用之间的相互作用可能更复杂：大麻使用是公认的神经精神疾病的危险因素，并且显示出它对摇头丸使用者的心理问题和认知障碍有帮助。然而，在细胞水平上，大麻素具有神经保护作用，并显示出（部分）阻断实验动物对MDMA诱导的神经毒性。将来，纵向和前瞻性研究设计有望使人们更好地理解药物使用与亚临床心理症状或神经认知功能衰竭之间的关系，以及对各种滥用药物之间相互作用的疑问。

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