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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of plant nutrition and soil science >Farmer-led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming
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Farmer-led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming

机译：农民主导的玉米生物炭试验：保护性耕作对作物产量和土壤养分的影响

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In extensive farmer-led trials practicing conservation farming (CF) in three regions of Zambia (Mongu: sandy soils; Kaoma: sandy or loamy sand soils; Mkushi: sandy loam or loamy soils), we studied the effects of biochar made of maize cobs (0, 2, and 6 t ha~(-1) corresponding to 0, 0.8, and 2.5% per basin) at different fertilizer rates of NPK and urea on crop yield of maize (Zea mays) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea). Conservation farming in this case combines minimum tillage (how basins), crop rotation and residue retention. For the first time, the effect of biochar on in situ soil nutrient supply rates [determined by buried Plant Root Simulator (PRS~(TM)) exchange resins] was studied, as well as the effects of biochar on elemental composition of maize. Effects of 0-10% (w:w) biochar addition on soil physical and soil chemical properties were determined in the laboratory. At all sites there was a consistent positive response in crop yield upon the addition of biochar. However, due to a great variability between farms there were no significant differences in absolute yields between the treatments. In the sandy soils at Mongu, relative yields (i.e., percentage yield with biochar relative to the same fertilizer ratewithout biochar) of maize grains andmaize stover were significantly increased at recommended fertilizer rates (232 ± 60%) and at half the recommended rate (128 ± 6%), respectively. In addition, biochar significantly increased concentrations of K and P in maize stover. In situ soil nutrient supply rates as measured by PRS~(TM)-probes were highly spatially variable with no consistent effects of the different treatments in the three regions. By contrast, the fraction of plant available water (Vol.-%) significantly increased upon the addition of biochar in all three soils. The increase caused by 10% biochar addition was of factor 2.5 in Mongu (from 4.5% to 11.2%) and 1.2 in both Kaoma (from 14.7% to 18.2%) and Mkushi (from 18.2% to 22.7%). Cation exchange capacity, pH, and exchangeable K significantly increased upon the addition of 10% (w:w) biochar in all three regions with a subsequent increase in base saturation and decrease of available Al~(3+). Our findings suggest that the addition of biochar in combination with CF might have a positive impact on crop growth and that this positive effect is mainly caused by increases in plant-available water and decreased available Al.
机译：在赞比亚三个地区（蒙古：沙质土壤;考马：沙质或壤土质砂土;姆库希：沙质壤土或质壤土）中，由农民领导的广泛试验在保护性耕作中进行了研究，研究了玉米芯制成的生物炭的作用（0、2和6 t ha〜（-1）分别对应每盆0、0.8和2.5％），不同氮磷钾和尿素肥料用量对玉米（Zea mays）和花生（Arachis hypogaea）的产量。在这种情况下，保护性耕种结合了最少的耕作（如何耕作），轮作和残留残留物。首次研究了生物炭对土壤原位养分供应速率的影响[由埋藏的植物根系模拟物（PRS〜（TM））交换树脂确定]，以及生物炭对玉米元素组成的影响。在实验室中确定了添加0-10％（w：w）生物炭对土壤物理和土壤化学性质的影响。在添加生物炭后，所有地点的作物产量均出现一致的积极反应。但是，由于不同农场之间的差异很大，因此两种处理的绝对产量没有显着差异。在推荐的施肥量（232±60％）和推荐的施肥量的一半（128）下，Mongu的沙质土壤中玉米粒和玉米秸秆的相对产量（即，相对于没有肥料的相同施肥量，使用生物炭的百分含量）。 ±6％）。此外，生物炭显着增加了玉米秸秆中钾和磷的含量。用PRS〜TM探针测得的原位土壤养分供应率在空间上变化很大，在这三个区域中不同处理方法没有一致的影响。相比之下，在所有三种土壤中添加生物炭后，植物可用水的比例（体积％）显着增加。生物炭添加量增加10％引起的增加是Mongu的2.5倍（从4.5％到11.2％）和Kaoma的1.2倍（从14.7％到18.2％）和Mkushi（从18.2％到22.7％）。在所有三个区域中添加10％（w：w）生物炭后，阳离子交换容量，pH和可交换钾显着增加，随后碱饱和度增加，而可用Al〜（3+）减少。我们的研究结果表明，将生物炭与CF结合使用可能会对作物生长产生积极影响，而这种积极影响主要是由于植物可用水量增加和有效铝含量降低所致。

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